分类： cc

All provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and cities under separate state planning, transportation departments (bureaus and commissions) and health and health committees:

　　According to the Guiding Opinions of the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Finance, the National Health and Wellness Committee, the State Railway Bureau, the Civil Aviation Administration of China, the State Post Bureau, the Red Cross Society of China and China National Railway Group Co., Ltd. (No.45 [2021]), the Ministry of Transport, together with the National Health and Wellness Committee, combined with the characteristics and actual situation of the transportation industry, has formulated the Guiding Catalogue of Configuration Standards for Traffic Medical First Aid Kits (for Trial Implementation), which is hereby printed and distributed to you.

General Office of Ministry of Transport　　　　

General Office of National Health and Wellness Commission　　　　

December 22, 2021　　

△ November 7, 2021 "News Network" reported that

In recent years, the measures to promote pollution prevention and control in China are practical, vigorous and remarkable.From the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" to the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan", from "resolute" to "in-depth", the change of the word means that the contradictory problems touched by pollution prevention are deeper, wider and more demanding.

Next, how to fight this upgraded version of pollution prevention and control? The "Opinions" made specific arrangements in accelerating the development of green and low carbon and deepening the defense of blue sky, clear water and pure land.

Green and low-carbon development is the inevitable requirement of building a high-quality economic system and the fundamental solution to the pollution problem.《The Opinions focus on key industries and fields with obvious synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, and clarify the key tasks of promoting green and low-carbon development from seven aspects.

First, we will further promote the peak carbon dioxide emissions Action, implement the goal of national independent contribution to climate change in 2030, and support qualified local and key industries and enterprises to take the lead in reaching the peak.

The second is to focus on major national strategies and create a green development highland.

The third is to promote clean and low-carbon energy transformation, accelerate the pace of coal reduction, and implement renewable energy substitution actions.

Fourth, resolutely curb the blind development of projects with high energy consumption and high emissions, and resolutely stop approving and stopping construction of projects that do not meet the requirements.

The fifth is to promote clean production and efficient use of energy resources.

The sixth is to strengthen the control of ecological environment zoning and promote the application of the results of "three lines and one order".

Seventh, accelerate the formation of a green and low-carbon lifestyle, and carry out in-depth actions to create a green life.

On the basis of summing up and expanding the experience and practices of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" for pollution prevention and control, and according to the new tasks and requirements of the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan", the "Opinions" will maintain its strength, extend its depth and broaden its breadth, fight the defense of blue sky, clear water and pure land with higher standards, continue to implement a number of landmark battles, and continue to attack hard for a long time.

● Focus on the fight against heavy polluted weather.

● Focus on the fight against ozone pollution.

● Continue to fight the battle for pollution control of diesel trucks.

● Strengthen the control of atmospheric non-point source and noise pollution.

● Continue to fight the battle against urban black and odorous water bodies.

● Continue to fight the tough battle for the protection and restoration of the Yangtze River

● Focus on fighting the tough battle for ecological protection and governance of the Yellow River.

● Consolidate and improve the level of drinking water safety.

● Focus on the battle for comprehensive management of key sea areas.

● Strengthen collaborative pollution control in land and sea areas.

● Continue to fight the battle for pollution control in agriculture and rural areas.

● Further promote the prevention and control of soil pollution and safe utilization of agricultural land.

● Effectively control the risk of soil pollution in construction land.

● Steadily promote the construction of a "waste-free city"

● Strengthen the control of new pollutants.

● Strengthen coordinated prevention and control of groundwater pollution.

Ecological protection and pollution prevention are inseparable and interact with each other, so it is necessary to make overall arrangements and make concerted efforts to reduce pollutant emissions while expanding environmental capacity.The Opinions clarified the key tasks of ecological protection from three aspects.

First, continuously improve the quality of ecosystems, promote the protection and restoration of important ecosystems, and carry out large-scale land greening operations.

The second is to implement major biodiversity protection projects, accelerate the investigation, observation and evaluation of biodiversity, and improve the nature reserve system with national parks as the main body.

The third is to strengthen the supervision of ecological protection, build and improve the ecological monitoring network, strengthen the supervision of nature reserves and ecological protection red lines, and increase the supervision and investigation of ecological damage according to law.

Eco-environmental governance is a systematic project, which requires comprehensive use of administrative, market, rule of law, science and technology and other means.The Opinions clarified the key tasks of improving the modernization level of ecological environment management from seven aspects.

First, comprehensively strengthen the legal protection of the ecological environment and promote ecological environment governance on the track of the rule of law.

The second is to improve the eco-environmental economic policy and implement policies and measures conducive to green development.

The third is to improve the investment mechanism of ecological environment funds, and focus on ensuring the investment of ecological environment funds as a basic and strategic investment.

The fourth is to implement the short-board action of environmental infrastructure and build an integrated environmental infrastructure system.

The fifth is to improve the effectiveness of ecological environment supervision and law enforcement and strengthen the whole process supervision.

Sixth, establish and improve a modern ecological environment monitoring system to achieve full coverage of environmental quality, ecological quality and pollution source monitoring.

The seventh is to build a service-oriented scientific and technological innovation system and strengthen the transformation service of scientific and technological achievements in the ecological environment.

(Central Radio and Television General Station CCTV Network)

The following article comes from Huipu by Liu Kai.

Return to the park.

Tracing back to the source, being clumsy, asking for knowledge and seeking novelty

At the beginning of the new semester, normal teaching order has been restored in most parts of the country, but there are still some areas that can only postpone the start of school or continue to implement online classes because of the epidemic, and some areas have to return to online teaching because of the epidemic after normal resumption of school. Although the society generally regards online classes as an expedient measure in a special period, online teaching has become an inevitable trend in the network age. What should teachers, students and parents do to have a good online class? Based on the research results of "learning" in multi-disciplinary fields, this paper gives some suggestions from several general directions.

Author | Liu Kai (bohai university College of Education Science)

Under the social background of pattern involution, "living a good life" and "studying hard" are more closely tied together. However, the ideal is full, the reality is skinny, and the huge social pressure makes the anxiety of students, parents and teachers accumulate, which is difficult to eliminate. Unfortunately, online teaching during the epidemic intensified this conflict.

Scholars have long warned that many learning methods circulating in the market are often wrong. In fact, the empirical research on learning and memory shows that many learning methods that are regarded as the standard by the public are actually useless. For example, the "10,000-hour law", which is popular all over the world, claims that a novice can become an expert by repeated practice for a long time, but it is not applicable to those subjects that need to be considered. Even some studies have found that reading textbooks repeatedly is usually a waste of effort. There are also many students and parents who are bewitched by extracurricular tutoring institutions or best-selling books, thinking that learning may become a happy thing, so they buy "easy-to-score blind boxes" everywhere, resulting in a waste of money and time and poor results. As everyone knows, all learning that can be transformed into games is shallow learning. Although educational games are good, they have attracted countless heroes to "bend their backs"-so far, deep learning cannot be realized from them.

Intuition or individual experience that has not been scientifically verified is often unreliable, so we need "Learning Sciences", a new interdisciplinary subject that uses scientific methods to explore learning laws. As the saying goes, "teaching and learning learn from each other", the science of learning is not only the "amulet" of effective learning, but also the "compass" of effective teaching.

Large-scale online teaching has established a synchronous live classroom in different places, which has guaranteed the normal teaching progress in a special period. But at the same time, it also brings three main problems:

(1) sacrificing teachers’ on-the-spot control of teaching;

② Increased the marginal cost of real-time communication;

③ It reduces the speed and quality of learning feedback.

In this regard, the existing research results of "Science of Learning" provide some suggestions for teachers, students and parents in online classes.

one

How can teachers "teach" better?

(1) Carefully prepare teaching materials.

Basic principles:

Memory content should be "static" (graphic), and understanding content should be "dynamic" (video);

The content is decomposed into a plurality of interrelated small modules; The presentation of teaching materials is very important.

Video material:

Advocate the use of video materials with subtitles or shot from the first angle;

If clues can be added to the video, it will be of great benefit to students in the middle and late grades;

It is better to split the video according to logic, but the double-speed playback effect is poor.

Graphic materials:

PPT is concise and not fancy, and the whole text is not acceptable;

The presentation of new knowledge points, with no more than 4 pages, should be horizontally arranged with pictures and texts;

Use graphics to express the logical relationship of content;

To create a school atmosphere, courseware should use the school background or Logo uniformly.

(2) Adopt appropriate teaching methods.

Basic principles:

Applying the teaching strategy of "technology promoting learning" can never copy the traditional classroom teaching mode;

Avoid asynchronous online teaching and strive for synchronous teaching.

Effective methods:

PBL, role-playing method, inquiry teaching method and case teaching method are effective, so the classroom should be used with caution or not. Gamification teaching is effective for small class or simple content courses;

The mouse icon on the teacher’s side can be changed to a finger shape with eye-catching color (such as black or red).

Reward and punishment means:

Fully create and make good use of virtual rewards, and at the same time often grasp and strictly control cheating.

(3) Increase effective teaching interaction.

Basic principles:

Engage in meaningful interaction, not for the sake of interaction;

Frequency of interaction is not important, but depth of interaction is important;

Adopt a variety of interactive ways.

For students:

It is advisable to refer to students with "you" instead of "you";

Restrain and reduce meaningless expressions, such as "hmm";

Use more friendly oral expressions to be "vulgar" rather than "rough", such as "old irons, learn";

Combining exaggerated expressions or increasing repetitive guiding gestures when teaching key content can improve students’ attention and deepen their understanding;

For the teaching content that needs in-depth understanding, we should create situations to guide in-depth discussion and ask students to pay attention to and share other people’s views.

For teachers and students:

Encourage group cooperation, increase teacher-student interaction and student-student interaction;

Online classes also need a break, which takes 5 minutes;

In the second half of the course, we should consciously stimulate students’ positive emotions;

Encourage more students with average and poor grades;

Pay attention to students’ mistakes, provide convenient communication channels and give timely feedback.

Group discussion function provided by an online teaching platform Source: Network

(4) present a suitable teacher image

Basic principles: Teachers appearing in real person can slightly improve students’ grades and greatly improve online learning experience and satisfaction.

Being able to appear in the camera: show your upper body (head+hands) and stand on the side in front of PPT, keep your eyes on the camera as much as possible, and use expressions and gestures as guiding clues. Otherwise, there is no need to leave the country.

Can’t leave the country: even if you can’t leave the country in person, it’s better to use my photo as your avatar than to leave it blank or scenery.

two

How can students "learn" better?

(1) Learning equipment

Try to use computers instead of mobile phones for online classes; The bigger the screen, the better. Try to use a computer instead of a mobile phone to study. Electronic paper books are a good thing, and electronic reading should be strongly advocated.

(2) study habits

Pay attention to self-study activities before class and prepare well;

Whether it is correct or not, please actively answer the teacher’s questions in class;

The learning effect of accelerating video playback is very poor. If you have to fast forward, you should not exceed 1.5 times the speed.

We must learn self-management and strictly resist non-learning behavior during class.

(3) cooperation between students and students

In the context of online classes, positive individual cooperation will quickly warm the whole group, regardless of boys and girls;

Peer rejection is more likely to lead to online bullying and anger. Please be more tolerant and considerate to people around you.

Everyone is for me, and I am for everyone. Helping and sharing students is beneficial to the overall improvement of learning effect.

(4) Emotional regulation

Maintaining moderate learning pressure can effectively avoid learning burnout;

Positive emotional state can make online learning have higher maintenance, migration, effort and learning satisfaction;

Willpower can effectively beat boredom and improve the learning effect. Students in online classes must consciously cheer for self-control.

three

How can parents "accompany" better?

Online class companionship is a magic weapon to relieve parents’ anxiety, and it is also a direct inducement to trigger children’s emotional fluctuations;

Improving the quality, not the quantity, of parents’ study companionship and actively improving the way of parent-child academic communication are the right way for online class companionship;

Before urging their children to complete their schoolwork tasks, parents should first set aside a 1-minute "buffer period" to recall whether they would have done better than their children now, and then try to talk to their children with a peaceful mind.

four

How can the Education Commission "manage" it better?

Online teaching has obvious differences between urban and rural areas, and education management departments should pay more attention and resources to township schools;

It is not easy to prepare lessons for online teaching, so it is necessary to reduce the burden on teachers and reduce the apportionment of things unrelated to teaching.

Conclusion

The scientificity and effectiveness of pedagogy have been controversial, and the development of learning science in recent 50 years has pointed out the direction for the scientific way of education. Unfortunately, many front-line workers are deeply immersed in the "artistry" of education, ignoring or resisting the "scientificity" of education, which leads to the waste of teaching time and the inefficiency of teaching effect. Education itself does not exclude art, but it cannot rely solely on art. The above suggestions not only have strong "scientific" operability, but also can be flexibly combined to reflect "artistic" creativity.

All the suggestions in this paper come from the research conclusions of hundreds of papers (including meta-analysis) in 16 periodicals of psychology and educational technology CSSCI in recent ten years, and I would like to thank these scholars for their hard work and dedication.

推荐阅读

[1] 彼得·布朗著，邓峰译. 认知天性：让学习轻而易举的心理学规律. 中信出版社，2018.

[2] R. 基思·索耶 主编. 徐晓东等译. 剑桥学习科学手册（第2版）. 教育科学出版社，2021.

[3] 郑旭东 等著. 学习科学：百年回顾与前瞻. 科学出版社，2020.

[4] 约翰·D·布兰斯福特 等 著. 程可拉 等译. 人是如何学习的(Ⅰ). 华东师范大学出版社，2013.

[5] 科拉·巴格利·马雷特 等 著，裴新宁 等译. 人是如何学习的(Ⅱ). 华东师范大学出版社，2021.

[6] 理查德·E 梅耶 著. 盛群力 等译. 应用学习科学. 中国轻工业出版社，2019.

[7] 简妮·爱丽丝·奥姆罗德，布雷特·琼斯 著. 雷雳 等译. 教育心理学（第5版）. 中国人民大学出版社，2021.

[8] 桑新民. 学习科学与技术——信息时代学习能力的培养（第2版）. 高等教育出版社，2017.

END

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Original title: "How to teach online classes well? 》

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　　Now, no matter who talks about PC games, Steam is definitely the topic that can’t be bypassed. However, such a huge game platform did not succeed overnight. The painting style of its online store has undergone earth-shaking changes in the 13 years since its establishment, from the initial platform for publishing information about 1.6 to a huge trading center that now integrates games, cards and ornaments. Let’s take a look at how this platform has worked hard to reform and become successful in these years.

　　On September 12th, 2003, Steam was established. And its original intention is that V Club provides anti-cheating support in order to facilitate the sale of its games such as CS. However, in that era when only 20% of users in the United States had Internet at home, Steam, which needed to be connected for a long time, was regarded as an important threat that might infringe PC security. At the same time, at that time, the server of Steam was also very bad. Many players who bought the game often couldn’t log in because of network reasons. In addition, the frequent updates of Steam itself and its poor interface left a bad impression on players.

　　However, in 2004, half-life 2 released by V Society saved Steam. At that time, the excellent online store design made many people change their impression of Steam, not to mention that you have to log in to the Steam account before you want to play this world-famous shooting game.

　　In 2005, "Kung Fu Doll" and "Darwinia" became the first non-V-produced games in the Steam store. In this way, Steam has finally changed from a game downloader and server browser to a real online game store.

This article is translated from pcgamer, produced and published by Wandering Star, please indicate the source.

CCTV News:According to the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics, in the first three quarters of this year, all parts of the country accelerated the release of advanced production capacity, the capacity of energy supply and demand continued to improve, energy consumption increased steadily, and the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption continued to increase.

In the first three quarters, the production of major energy products such as kerosene, gas and electricity in industrial enterprises above designated size maintained steady growth. In terms of varieties, the production of raw coal has grown rapidly, and the incremental supply of high quality has been expanded, giving full play to the role of guarantee. In the first three quarters, the output of industrial raw coal above designated size was 3.32 billion tons, up 11.2% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 7.5 percentage points faster than that of the same period of last year.

Oil and gas production grew steadily. Oil and gas enterprises continue to consolidate the good momentum of increasing reserves and production, and ensure the independent supply base of oil and gas. In the first three quarters, the output of industrial crude oil above designated size was 153.75 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 3.0%; Natural gas output was 160.1 billion cubic meters, up 5.4% year-on-year.

Power production is stable and orderly. In the first three quarters, industrial power generation above designated size was 6.3 trillion kWh, up 2.2% year-on-year, of which clean energy power generation was 1.9 trillion kWh, up 6.5% year-on-year.

The energy consumption structure continued to improve. According to preliminary calculations, the total energy consumption in the first three quarters increased by 2.5% year-on-year, and the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption in the total energy consumption increased by 0.6 percentage points compared with the same period of last year.

Innovation and development add impetus-the new patent law will be implemented on June 1, 2021

Why do you want to amend the patent law?

Since its implementation on April 1, 1985, China’s patent law has been revised four times, which has played an important role in encouraging invention and innovation. With the development of the situation, there are some new situations and problems in the patent field: the conversion rate of patent technology is not high; There are some problems in patent rights protection, such as difficulty in proof and high cost.

On June 1, 2021, the newly revised Patent Law was formally implemented, aiming at solving the problems in practice, which is of great significance for safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of patentees, enhancing the confidence of innovation subjects in patent protection and stimulating the innovation vitality of the whole society.

What measures have been put forward by the newly implemented patent law to strengthen intellectual property protection?

In order to strengthen the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of patentees, a punitive damages system was added in this amendment, stipulating that if the circumstances are serious, the people’s court may determine the amount of compensation within one to five times the amount calculated according to the losses suffered by the obligee, the benefits obtained by the infringer or the multiple of the patent license fee. The upper limit of legal compensation is raised to 5 million yuan, and the lower limit is raised to 30 thousand yuan. Significantly increasing the cost of infringement shows China’s attitude and determination to strictly protect intellectual property rights according to law.

What does the newly implemented patent law cover to promote the transformation and application of patents?

In order to further awaken the "sleeping" patents, the newly revised Patent Law adds a patent open license system, improves the service invention system and strengthens the public service of patent information, aiming at promoting the transformation of patent achievements, realizing the market value of patents and providing strong support for the innovation and development of the real economy. Open licensing system is an important legal system to promote the implementation of patent transformation. Its core lies in encouraging patentees to open their patents to the society, promoting the docking of supply and demand and patent implementation, and truly realizing the patent value. This amendment stipulates the declaration of open license and its effective procedural elements, with a view to solving the information asymmetry between the supply and demand sides of patent technology through government public services and improving the efficiency of patent transformation.

What adjustments have been made to improve the relevant system of design in the patent law implemented this time?

Local appearance design is gradually becoming an important way of product design. With the acceleration of "going out", the level of design of enterprises in China has gradually improved, and the demand for local design protection of enterprises abroad has obviously increased. The newly revised patent law protects partial designs, which meets the needs of enterprises and international practices, and enables China enterprises to make better use of the rules, further explore the international market and improve their international competitiveness.

The newly revised patent law extends the protection period of design patents to 15 years, so as to meet the diversified needs of the innovators for the protection period and create conditions for China to join The Hague Agreement on the International Registration of Industrial Designs. In addition, the Patent Law increases the domestic priority system of patent application for design, and makes it clear that an applicant who files a patent application for the same subject in China within six months from the date when he first filed a patent application for design in China can enjoy the priority, thus further reducing the application cost. (Feng Fei)

Responding to the New Requirements of the Times —— The new copyright law will be implemented on June 1st, 2021.

What is the significance of the newly implemented copyright law?

On June 1, 2021, the newly revised copyright law was officially implemented. At the beginning of the third revision of the copyright law in 2011, the goal of the revision was clearly to create a new era copyright law that is compatible with the digital economy, realistic, international and future-oriented. The 10-year revision process also fully embodies the spirit of open-door legislation and scientific legislation, actively responds to the new requirements of the digital age, and echoes and connects with the Civil Code and international copyright treaties.

What adjustments have been made to the copyright law implemented on June 1 to adapt to technological progress?

While technological progress has changed the ways and means of content dissemination, the development of digital copyright industry has long been troubled by the protection of new works. In this regard, the newly revised copyright law has made a more extensive adjustment to the definition and types of works, further expanding the scope of protection of copyright law. For example, Article 3 clearly defines works as "intellectual achievements that are original and can be expressed in a certain form in the fields of literature, art and science"; In the original copyright law, "cinematographic works and works created by methods similar to cinematography" were changed to "audio-visual works".

In order to adapt to the new situation of technological development, the newly revised copyright law has clarified the relevant legal rules related to the application of digital technology, such as the new "digital" reproduction method of works.

What new measures does the new copyright law put forward to combat infringement?

In order to solve the problems of high litigation cost and long period in copyright protection, the newly revised copyright law introduces punitive damages system, raising the upper limit of legal compensation to 5 million yuan and stipulating the lower limit of legal compensation to 500 yuan; For intentional infringement and serious circumstances, it is stipulated that the court can award punitive damages of one to five times the amount of compensation, which greatly increases the cost of infringement.

How does the new copyright law connect with international treaties?

In recent years, China has been actively docking international treaties, fulfilling its international obligations and showing its image as a great power. The newly revised copyright law also strengthens the connection with international treaties, for example, the provisions of the eighth paragraph of Article 52 on the rental right of performers echo the relevant provisions of the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances. The behavior of "providing people with reading disabilities with published works in a barrier-free way that they can perceive" is included in the category of fair use, which paves the way for China to ratify the Marrakesh Treaty on Facilitating the Access of the Blind, the Visually Impaired or Other People with Print Reading Disabilities to Published Works. (Jiang Xu)

　　January 4th, 2021 is the third World Braille Day. Braille is an important tool for blind people to receive education, acquire knowledge and achieve self-reliance, and its basic role is being more and more deeply understood.

　　Braille book publishing has also attracted more and more attention. Open a book in Braille, and the fingertips of blind readers gently touch the six changeable bumps, each of which is full and warm, just like touching the familiar faces of relatives. Words, paragraphs, and articles have strung together countless rich days, paving a bright road to the future, allowing blind readers to cross the visual barrier and become knowledgeable and educated social participants and builders.

　　Six-point Braille

　　A Special Bridge to the Knowledge World

　　For the blind, touch and hearing are important channels for them to obtain information, and Braille books play a key role in it.

　　Braille is a text perceived by touch. The smallest unit that can be used independently is "Fang", and each side has three lines, two columns and six fixed points. Braille has strict standards for dot spacing, square spacing and dot height, and is designed according to the best touch point of index finger. Blind people use the index fingers of both hands to touch and read, just as we can’t disassemble strokes when reading Chinese characters, skilled readers can also identify different points as a whole, and the speed of touching and reading can be equivalent to that of ordinary reading.

　　Six-point Braille was invented by Louis Blair of the French. Previously, books for the blind were printed with enlarged letterpress letters, which were not only small in number, but also large and heavy, and felt very slow, which was inconvenient for the blind to read and write. In 1821, Blair accidentally thought of using bumps instead of lines to create new Braille. After more than ten years of research and design, French Braille, including characters and mathematical symbols, was officially finalized.

　　In 1952, referring to Blair’s six-point Braille system and combining the old blind characters, Chinese and Huang Nai created China Braille, which is based on Beijing dialect and spelled by word segmentation and linking. It has 18 initial consonants and 34 vowels, and its sound and rhyme are spelled into one syllable, and the other blind symbol is used as key signature, but it is generally unstressed except for rare words. In December, 1953, the Braille Publishing Group of the China Welfare Association for the Blind was formally established, which initiated the publishing business for the blind in New China. This is the predecessor of China Braille Publishing House. In 1954, the first book in Braille, Who is the cutest person, was published.

　　Language is an important tool for human learning and communication. As a special text for the blind, Braille is convenient for the blind to read and write, and it is an important and irreplaceable way for the blind to learn scientific and cultural knowledge. This special bridge leading to the knowledge world provides convenience for the blind to fully participate in social life and share the fruits of development on an equal footing, and helps them to change from the rescued to the builders of society.

　　Over the past 60 years, China Braille Publishing House has accumulated experience and brought its professional advantages into full play, and gradually acquired the publishing ability of various books such as politics, culture, education, medicine and health. China Braille Publishing House strives to make important documents of the party and the country publish Braille editions in time, so that blind readers can know the latest policies. Let the Braille teaching materials be published accurately, covering compulsory education, higher education and social education and training in an all-round way, meeting the learning needs of the majority of blind students and laying a solid cultural foundation for blind generation and growth; Let outstanding publications in different categories such as literature, science and technology be published in Braille in time to meet the growing spiritual and cultural needs of blind readers.

　　Braille editing and correcting

　　Grind every character with your heart

　　Braille book editing and proofreading process is complex and difficult. With the love and responsibility for the cause of Braille publishing, several generations of Braille publishers have polished every Braille character attentively, providing rich and varied reading materials and valuable spiritual food for blind readers.

　　Braille in China is a phonetic alphabet, which is generally not marked with tones. In actual use, the tone adjustment rate is only 5%, which makes it difficult to distinguish some homophones from homophones in Braille. Braille editors must check and confirm it repeatedly to ensure correct translation and proofreading. When reading a book, we often encounter words we don’t know. Most people don’t look them up in the dictionary when they don’t affect their understanding, but braille editors can’t let go of a word, including the light tone and the vowel sound in different contexts. The rare words in modern publications are limited, but a large part of Braille books are medical books. There are a lot of uncommon words and unusual pronunciations in traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and ancient Chinese medicine, and some words can’t be found in common dictionaries, so non-professionals can’t read them correctly at all. Braille editors not only rely on authoritative reference books such as Ci Hai and Ci Yuan to set the tone and tune, but also make their own "small dictionary", which is full of uncommon words and their correct pronunciation and source in different contexts.

　　Braille proofreading is a group of "one bright and one blind". In different proofreading times, either the discerning person reads aloud and the blind person checks Braille, or the blind person touches and checks the original book. They cooperate tacitly, record and correct mistakes, and work towards the goal of editing and proofreading with zero error rate. Braille proofreaders not only have the same high level of writing as ordinary publications proofreading, but also have the basic skill of "word segmentation", that is, to separate and connect words through grammatical rules and the particularity of Braille. Only by mastering the phonetic, tonal and blank features of Braille and mastering as much knowledge as possible about the meaning, semantics and implications of Chinese characters can we correctly divide words.

　　In order to improve the accuracy of Braille, facilitate the reading of the blind, and promote the integration of Braille with the digital age, China has launched the national general Braille reform, that is, on the basis of the current Braille, improving the rules of tone sandhi, standardizing the usage of tone symbols, and solving the problem of blind reading difficulties caused by too few tone sandhi and inaccurate pronunciation in the past. On July 1, 2018, China began to implement the National General Braille Program. This is a test for braille editors. In order to complete the publishing transition to general Braille faster and better, all Braille compilers have stepped up their study of the national general Braille rules. Whether they are editors and proofreaders who are used to using the current Braille or new employees, they have mastered the national general Braille through special training and applied it to Braille editing and publishing.

　　It can be said that in the complicated editing and proofreading process, every character of the blind document has been touched by the gentle fingertips of the editing and proofreading staff and recited by a warm voice, and every braille character is full of the efforts and expectations of the editing and proofreading staff.

　　Braille printing

　　Pave the road to light with sincerity

　　Braille printing process is complex, long cycle and high cost, which is more time-consuming and laborious than ordinary book printing.

　　Braille books are printed on the front and back of a single sheet, with bumps on one page and pits on the other page on each side, and the bumps sometimes get stuck together, which is why the page matching process of Braille books is still manual. Collating works like playing the piano, with good coordination between left and right hands, and between fingers, both fast and focused. A book of blind documents is made up of the hands of generations of page sorters.

　　Folding and sewing are the characteristics of braille books, that is, every three sheets of braille paper are folded and sewn at the left 1 cm. The reason for folding is: first, to avoid the braille bumps on the inner page from being squeezed and deformed, which brings difficulties to touch and read; The second is to avoid the bell mouth, and the thickness of the spine after folding is twice as much as the original, which is just the same as the height of the braille bump, so that the thickness of the spine and the mouth of the finished book is roughly the same; The third is to ensure that any page can be tiled when sewing and reading, which is convenient for the blind to touch and read.

　　After more than 60 years’ efforts, China Braille Publishing House accurately published nearly 10,000 kinds of Braille books, which initially met the spiritual, cultural and vocational training needs of the blind. The increasing richness of Braille books is full of the concern of the party and the government, and embodies the painstaking efforts of Braille publishers.

　　Today, Braille books are helping blind people to eliminate reading difficulties caused by visual loss to the greatest extent. Blind people learn systematically through Braille books, earn their own living with their own knowledge and skills, and help others and contribute to society. Many industries, such as psychological consultation, massage and piano tuning, shine with the hard work and wisdom of the blind, and there are many blind people among teachers, lawyers and engineers.

　　Perhaps the appearance of Braille books is not as beautiful as ordinary books, but the raised Braille dots all have clear outlines and tall and straight postures, which are not unassuming or humble. The six points are subtly transformed, and different themes are interpreted. The still water is deep, and the light shines in the warmth and tranquility.

　　(Author: China Braille Publishing House)

　　Liu aishu