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Basic Biology of Macrophages： From Origin to Function

Written by: immune meow with picky eaters

Source: gossip Immunology

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Macrophages (English name: Macrophages, abbreviated M) are immune cells widely distributed in blood and tissues of the whole body.Macrophages can devour and kill intracellular parasites, bacteria, tumor cells, as well as self-aging and abnormal cells, and play an important role in immune defense, immune homeostasis and immune monitoring.Macrophages are a kind of phagocytes and belong to monocyte system.
　
Macrophages have been a hot research object for a long time because of their diversity and heterogeneity in tissue distribution.
　

one

The origin of macrophages
　

The evolution of species diversity and struggle for existence have produced a complex host defense system, which relies on natural immunity, first single-celled eukaryotes, and then adaptive immunity in tissues and developing eukaryotes. Natural immunity was first expounded at the end of 19th century, and Elie Metchnikoff introduced the word "macrophage", which means "macro = big and phage = eater”。 Monocytes/macrophages are a small group of white blood cells determined by their location, phenotype, morphology and gene expression profile.

Monocytes account for 4-10% of nucleated cells in normal peripheral blood. In blood, the half-life of monocytes is less than 20 hours. For many years, it has been assumed that macrophages are completely differentiated from circulating monocytes, but the recent morphological and functional differences between these cells refute this hypothesis.

Recent research evidence shows that macrophages in most adult tissues are sown before birth, and during embryonic development, they are transferred from.yolk sacIt has the ability of self-renewal and is maintained independently of monocytes. In addition,Each organ has its own unique combination of embryos and adult macrophages..

Embryonic macrophages participate in tissue reconstruction, while adult macrophages mainly assist host defense. In addition to these differences, we also observed that embryonic macrophages and adult macrophages coexist in many different organs.

2

Tissue distribution of different macrophages　 　

According to their anatomical location and functional phenotype, macrophages can be divided intoMicroglial cell、osteoclast、pm, spleen tissue cells and interstitial connective tissue, liver interstitial connective tissue and kupffer cells.

There are also different types of macrophages in the intestine, which have different phenotypes and functions, but work together to maintain tolerance to normal intestinal flora and oral antigens.

There are also different numbers of macrophages in the secondary lymphoid organs, including macrophages in the marginal area of spleen, which inhibit the natural immunity and adaptive immunity to apoptotic cells, and sinus macrophages under the capsule of lymph nodes, which remove the virus in lymph and start the antiviral immune response.

differentMacrophages exist in immune immune immune sites., such as the brain, eyes and testicles, these parts are inTissue remodelinganddynamic balancePlay a central role. These tissue-specific macrophages devour dead cells, debris, foreign antigens and materials, organize the inflammatory process, and recruit more macrophages as needed.

three

Plasticity and polarization
　

Macrophages are remarkable plastic cells, which can be obtained fromConversion from one phenotype to another.. Macrophage polarization is a process. Macrophages show specific phenotypes and make functional responses to microenvironment stimuli and signals encountered in each specific tissue.

Local cytokine environment can localize macrophage polarization. The two subsets of macrophages with different functions include classic activated or inflammatory (M1) and alternately activated or anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. This phenomenon of these two different M1/M2 phenotypes is called.Macrophage polarization.

M1 macrophageIt is usually induced by the recognition of Th1 cytokines (such as IFN-γ and T NF-α) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These macrophages produce and secrete high levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23 and COX-2, while the level of IL-10 is low.

Functionally, M1 macrophages participate in the elimination of pathogens during infection by activating nicotinamide adenine phosphodinucleotide (NADPH) oxidase system and then producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, M1 macrophages have strong anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities, mediating tissue damage caused by reactive oxygen species, damaging tissue regeneration and wound healing. In order to prevent this kind of tissue damage, the anti-inflammatory effect of M2 macrophages inhibits the chronic inflammatory reaction by regulating the mechanism.

M2 macrophageSTAT6 is activated by IL-4 receptor α(IL-4Rα) and polarized by Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, which has anti-inflammatory effect. Besides IL-4 and IL-13, cytokines such as IL-10 can also regulate M2 polarization by activating STAT 3 through IL-10 receptor (IL-10 R).

IL-33It is a cytokine related to Th2 in IL-1 family and can induce M2 polarization. It is characterized by up-regulating arginase-1(arg-1), CCL 17 and CCL 24, thus mediating pulmonary eosinophilia and airway inflammation.

IL-21It is another Th2-related cytokine that drives M2 polarization. M2 macrophages have the characteristics of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are characterized by low production of IL-12 and high production of IL-10 and TGF-β.

Functionally, M2 macrophages have strong phagocytosis, which can remove debris and apoptotic cells, promote tissue repair and wound healing, and promote angiogenesis and fibrosis. Therefore, generally speaking, M2 cells participate in Th2 response and parasite clearance, inhibit inflammation, promote tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, immune regulation, tumor formation and progress.

However, the M1/M2 phenotype does not reflect different phenotypic subsets of macrophages. According to the activation stimulus received, M2 macrophages can be further divided into four types.M2A, M2B, M2C and M2DDifferent subgroups of the composition.

M2aMacrophage subsets can be induced by IL-4 and IL-13, producing high levels of CD206, bait receptor IL-1 receptor II(IL-RII) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA).

Immune complex (ICs) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists or IL-1 receptor ligands can induce M2b subgroup.M2bMacrophages simultaneously produce anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6 and α-α.

M2cCells were induced by glucocorticoid and IL-10, and showed strong anti-inflammatory effect on apoptotic cells by releasing a large amount of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β.

Finally, TLR agonist induced the fourth M2 macrophage through adenosine receptor agonist.M2d.

The activated receptor of adenosine then inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, induces anti-inflammatory secretion of cytokines (high IL-10, low IL-12) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEG F), thus providing a drug withTumor associated macrophages (TAMS)The angiogenic characteristics of the characteristic. M2 macrophages exposed to M1 signal, or conversely, induced differentiated macrophages to "repolarize" or "reprogram" is another evidence that they have high functional plasticity and can potentially pursue therapeutic goals.

four

hugeMigration of phagocytes

Monocytes and macrophages migrate to the site of inflammation or injury to eliminate the initial inflammatory signal and ultimately promote wound healing and tissue repair.

This process is mainly initiated by pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs) (released from invasive pathogens) and damage-related molecular patterns (DAMPs) (released from damaged or dead cells to cope with infection and injury).

In addition, antigen can activate memory T cells in tissues through secretion.manyInflammatory cytokines and chemokines are used to trigger the recruitment of macrophages. Chemokines directly participate in the migration and activation of monocytes through endothelium, and monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 (MCP-1) is a monocyte chemotactic factor, which participates in the occurrence of inflammation and induces monocyte chemotaxis and migration by interacting with CC chemotactic factor 2(CCR2) on monocytes. MCP-1 is mainly secreted by activated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), monocytes and T cells. MCP-1, together with IL-8 or CXC ligand -8(CXCL-8), can trigger the firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelial cells under blood flow conditions. Monocyte adhesion and migration across endothelium through activated venule wall is a basic immune response, which depends on the expression of adhesion molecules of chemical mediators on the surface of vein endothelium.

These adhesion molecules belong to four families:Selectin、Integrin、Immunoglobulin superfamilyandMucin-like glycoprotein.

five

Antigen presentation

Antigen presenting cells, mainly macrophages, are the outposts of the immune system that starts and regulates immune response. An important feature of macrophage biology is the capture, endocytosis and expression of self or foreign antigens, which providesThe connection between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

Macrophages reside in surrounding organs, where they monitor surrounding tissues for invading pathogens. They alert the immune system to the presence of pathogens by engulfing them, processing their antigens and presenting peptide fragments that bind to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. After antigen treatment, macrophages migrate to T cells and stimulate them. Activated macrophages express high levels of costimulatory molecules and antigen presenting molecules on their surfaces, such as CD 80, CD 86 and MHCⅠ ⅰ and ⅱ molecules. Mixed Leukocyte/Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) is used as a basic test for determining the function of macrophages, because it measures the proliferation ability of macrophages to allogeneic T cell populations.

six

Production of cytokine and chemokines

Interleukin is a kind of cytokine, which is involved in inducing adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), angiogenic factors and signal pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kB) and signal transduction and transcription activator (STAS) involved in tumor invasion and angiogenesis.

Activation of M1 macrophages can induce proinflammatory cytokines., including TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18 and IL-23; Produce nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNS；; Antigen presentation; Expression of CC chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5; Promoting T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses provides an effective mechanism for killing.

Obviously, M1 and M2 macrophages have different chemokine profiles, while M1 macrophages expressing Th1 cell chemokines, such as CXCL9 and CXCL10.

M2 macrophages express chemokines.CCL17, CCL18, CCL22 and CCL 24. M1 macrophages express inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and together with costimulatory molecules CD 40, CD 80 and CD 86, they up-regulate MHCⅡ class II molecules to promote cytotoxic adaptive immunity.

M1 macrophages express Th1- and Th17- polarized cytokines IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and Th1- aggregation chemokines CXCL 9, CXCL 10 and CXCL 11. On the contrary, M2 macrophages support the resolution of inflammation by transferring gene expression to anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10, TGF-β, IL-1R1Ⅱ and IL-1Ra. M2 macrophages also express a large number of endogenous receptors, including scavenger receptor CD 163, stabilizer -1 and type C lectin receptor CD 206, CD 301, Dectin-1 and CD 209. In addition, M2 macrophages recruit Th2, regulatory T cells (Tregs), eosinophils and basophils by secreting chemokines such as CCL 17, CCL 18, CCL 22 and CCL 24..

seven

Macrophage apoptosis

Apoptosis is a normal, physiological and necessary process of cell selection and survival, eliminating and removing unnecessary cells, such as aging, damaged, genetic mutation and virus-infected cells; In fact, anti-apoptosis can promote malignant transformation of normal cells.

At present, it is known that macrophage apoptosis is related to various stages of the disease related to the decline of pathogen activity, which can be regarded as a natural immune defense mechanism and strategy for the host to limit infection against intracellular pathogens.

On the contrary, many cellsPathogens have the ability to kill infected cells., destroy the host pathway, inhibit cell apoptosis, leading to necrosis. This strategy can makePathogens escape the host’s immunity and infect other nearby or distant cells.. These apoptotic infected cells also provide a link between innate immunity and acquired immunity. When professional APCs absorb apoptotic vesicles, this connection begins when bacterial products and pathogenic antigens enhance T cell activation. Similarly,Pathogens inhibit apoptosis and promote necrosis.It also impairs the presentation of bacterial antigens, which may be the mechanism of immune escape.

In atherosclerosis, macrophages die by reducing the number of cells in the lesion, which is beneficial to reduce the lesion area. In the progress of atherosclerosis and other diseases, the phagocytosis of M2 macrophages solves the problem of apoptosis and its adverse effects. This unique functional feature of M2 macrophage is caused byHigh level of scavenger receptorExpress support.

Macrophages phagocytize debris, injured cells, dead cells and apoptotic cells, and inhibit macrophages from producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin -1β, interleukin -6 and interleukin -8. The mechanism involves autocrine or paracrine of transforming growth factor -β(TGF-β), thus inhibiting further recruitment of monocytes and macrophages.

In addition, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory IL-12, IL-23 and IL-27 and stimulates the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10.

By limiting the phagocytosis of local inflammation, it can also protect tissues from harmful pro-inflammatory reactions, death, injury and the immunogenic content of dead cells, and throughNecrosis after apoptosis to protect the growth of lesions.

In the late stage of atherosclerosis, the phagocytic function of apoptotic cells is seriously damaged, which leads to the aggregation of macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, which eventually blocks the decomposition of inflammation and promotes local necrosis, inflammatory state and plaque instability.

Understanding the exact mechanism of pathogen inhibiting apoptosis can avoid natural immunity and adaptive immunity, which provides a new strategy for optimizing treatment. The idea of manipulating the host or bacterial pathway to induce more cell apoptosis, "apoptosis-promoting therapy", may help to produce a more effective immune response.

eight

Macrophage metabolism

Recent evidence shows that metabolism plays an important role in the formation of macrophages and the obvious polarization phenotype. Under normal, physiological and pathological conditions, macrophages face an oxygen gradient.Macrophages adapt to hypoxia by shifting their metabolic pathways to glycolysis.. In addition, the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)-1 and -2 caused profound functional changes, including the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors, such as CXC chemokine 4(CXCR 4), CXCL 12, angiogenesis factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(Biswas and Mantovani, 2012; Orihuela et al., 2016). Therefore, macrophages help to coordinate the response of tissues to oxygen gradient and hypoxia conditions.

Macrophages M1 and M2 can obviously regulate the metabolism of glucose, amino acids, iron and folic acid.After macrophage activation, its metabolic pathway changes from oxidation to glycolysis.solve. Under the action of M1 stimuli (such as LPS, Th1 cytokines and IL-12), they showed a metabolic transformation to anaerobic glycolytic pathway, while M2 stimuli (such as IL-4 and IL-13) had little effect. Macrophages activated by IFN-γ and L-PS are often associated with acute infection, so it is necessary to trigger strong antimicrobial activity quickly in hypoxic microenvironment. In this case, the anaerobic process such as glycolysis is the best way when energy is needed. Interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide strongly induce glucose uptake and inhibit fatty acid uptake and oxidation. Therefore, glycolysis metabolism is enhanced and mitochondrial activity is decreased.

On the contrary,M2 macrophage functions, such as wound healing and tissue repair, need continuous energy supply.. This requirement is made byGlucose oxidative metabolism and fatty acid oxidationProvided, andFatty acid oxidation is the most important metabolic pathway of M2 macrophages.. M2 macrophage has the characteristics of high mitochondrial activity and oxidative phosphorylation. They show enhanced respiratory activity based on fatty acid β oxidation. Both metabolic pathways are up-regulated in the process of macrophage activation, but glycolysis is the main metabolic pathway, which can produce DNA and cell membrane synthesis substrates and promote the growth and differentiation of monocytes. It is another possibility of glycolytic metastasis of M1 macrophages to produce rapid and optimal response at the infected site.

In addition, the accumulation of citric acid in M1 macrophages is essential for the production of pro-inflammatory mediators NO, ROS, RNS and prostaglandin. Another important aspect is the metabolism of amino acids closely related to the functional phenotype of macrophages. M1 macrophages are characterized by the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).The production of NO is an important anti-microbial effect. M1 macrophages are active, while M2 macrophages do not produce NO.. On the contrary, they express high levels of Arg-1 and play a role in catalyzing the production of polyamines, which are necessary for collagen synthesis, cell proliferation, fibrosis and other tissue remodeling functions. Interestingly, the production of polyamines is reported to be the driving factor of M2 polarization.

In addition, there are significant differences in iron metabolism between M1 and M2 macrophages. Although M1 macrophages express a large number of iron storage proteins, such as ferritin, the content of iron porphyrin they express is low, and ferritin is the export of iron. Compared with M1 type macrophages, M2 type macrophages have lower ferritin content, but higher ferritin content. This different iron metabolism may be related to its function. Because iron is necessary to support the growth of bacteria, the retention of iron in M1 macrophages is a kind of bacteriostasis and supports the host’s protection against infection. On the contrary, the iron released by M2 macrophages is beneficial to tissue repair, but it can cause tumor growth and metastasis.

Metabolic adaptation is an important aspect of macrophage polarization and its functional activities.

nine

MicroRNA involved in macrophage polarization

MicroRNA plays an important role in many aspects of macrophage biology, thus affecting many biological and pathological conditions, such as monocyte differentiation and development, macrophage polarization, infection, atherosclerosis, tumor growth, inflammatory activation, cholesterol homeostasis, cell survival and proliferation, and phagocytosis.

MiRNA-24, miRNA-30b, miRNA-142-3p and miRNA-199a-5p can inhibit the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages.

M1 macrophage polarizationMiRNA-125, miRNA-146, miRNA-155, miRNA-7a/f and miRNA-378 are needed, andM2 polarizationThen miRNA-let-7c/e, miRNA-9, miRNA-21, miRNA-146, miRNA-147, miRNA-187 and miRNA-223 are needed.

In addition, miRNA-342-5p promotes NO synthesis, and IL-6 provides pro-inflammatory signals for macrophages. Although miR-21 has been proved to have both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, its anti-inflammatory effect is more prominent. MiR-155 and miR-142-3p inhibited the proliferation of macrophages compared with let-7a. MiR-155 can promote and prevent apoptosis at the same time, while miR-21 and let-7e negatively regulate the apoptosis of macrophages.

Main references

Abbas Shapouri Moghaddam，doi:10.1002/jcp.26429，2018

Thomas A. Wynn，Nature，doi:10.1038/nature12034，2013

Nicole J. Horwood，Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol，doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8519-2

Response to the epidemic： China blocked nearly 60 million people and other countries may not be able to achieve it.

　　On the evening of January 30th, local time, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization, held a press conference in Geneva, Switzerland, explaining that the pneumonia epidemic in novel coronavirus has constituted a "public health emergency of international concern". Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stressed that WHO does not approve or even oppose a travel or trade ban on China.

　　Since the outbreak, the international community has paid close attention to it. China’s response has won praise from the world, and countries have acted quickly to overcome the difficulties.

　　The China system is very effective.

　　"The challenge is enormous, and China’s response is impressive." According to the BBC website, Michael Ryan, Executive Director of WHO Health Emergency Project, praised China’s response to the novel coronavirus epidemic.

　　CNN said that the China administration’s response to the epidemic was unprecedented and may not be realized in other countries — — China has imposed a blockade on nearly 60 million people and imposed full or partial travel restrictions on more than a dozen cities in Hubei Province. Major cities have launched the highest level of emergency response, set up checkpoints on roads, and screened passengers at airports and railway stations … … CBS reported that China launched an all-out campaign to fight the epidemic. Doctors treated patients day and night, and the military arrived in Wuhan to provide material support.

　　Spain’s "National News" website noticed that in Wuhan, a hospital was completed in less than 10 days, and the second emergency hospital also started construction.

　　"The China system is very effective in a crisis situation. It can take measures that require strong human and material resources and a well-functioning hierarchical system. " In an interview with the German newspaper Le Monde, China of Bertelsmann Foundation and bernhard Barchi, a senior expert in the Asia-Pacific region, commented on China’s initiative.

　　Zhou Rui, chairman of the French "Bridge" think tank and an expert on emerging economies, pointed out that at a critical juncture, China chose to close almost the whole of Hubei Province — — Almost equivalent to the size of France — — It has protected all countries in the world from the greater intrusion of the epidemic.

　　The World Health Organization praised that China has always adhered to the principle of openness and transparency, released information in a timely manner, quickly identified viruses and shared gene sequences, and adopted decisive and effective measures to control the spread of the epidemic, which not only reflected a high degree of responsibility for the lives and health of its own people, but also strongly supported global disease prevention and control.

　　Open and transparent to overcome the difficulties

　　In addition to taking extraordinary measures to prevent the export of cases, China identified pathogens at an unprecedented speed and shared the relevant virus gene sequences with the World Health Organization and other countries for the first time, which made it possible to develop a rapid virus detection tool.

　　According to Reuters news, the Russian Consulate in Guangzhou revealed that Russia and China are cooperating to develop a coronavirus vaccine.

　　According to the website of the Sydney Morning Herald, Australian scientists are the first to cultivate novel coronavirus outside China, hoping that this breakthrough will speed up diagnosis and help vaccine research and development. According to the report, it is expected that the cultivated virus will be used for antibody detection, so that the virus can be detected when the patient has not developed symptoms and therefore does not know that he is carrying the virus. It will also be used to test the effectiveness of experimental vaccines.

　　The Financial Times website reported that in China, Clover Biopharmaceutical Company plans to develop a vaccine based on the key protein in coronavirus, and put a candidate vaccine into trial in just a few weeks. The goal of the Oslo-based Innovation Alliance for Epidemic Prevention is that at least one candidate vaccine that can prevent coronavirus infection can be put into the first phase of clinical trials within 16 weeks to test the human tolerance to it.

　　"The search for vaccines benefited from the decision of the China government to release detailed information of coronavirus as soon as possible, which enabled scholars and pharmaceutical companies around the world to study its genome sequence." The Financial Times website pointed out. Russian newspaper quoted Russian officials and experts as saying that China showed unprecedented openness, which greatly helped disease research. According to the Guardian, compared with the SARS period, China is developing in a more open direction.

　　Take the initiative to ease concerns.

　　Whether the epidemic will have an impact on the world economy in 2020 has aroused widespread concern.

　　In an article published on January 30th in The New York Times, USA, "The world quickly realizes how dependent it is on China", it is pointed out that now, Japan is preparing for possible shocks, and the Federal Reserve is "closely watching" the changes in the situation. As the world’s largest source of tourism revenue tightens its borders, hotels and travel agencies all over Asia are worried.

　　However, many people remain optimistic. The article on the website of the Financial Times pointed out that no epidemic has caused a long-term reversal of market trends. The market rebound in 2003 was swift and violent. The global stock market rose by nearly 30% for the whole year.

　　Jennifer mckeown of the London Consulting Group also believes that the global economic growth in the second quarter of 2003 dropped by a full percentage point due to the epidemic of SARS. However, it quickly made up for the fundamentals of the economy, and it is difficult to list any lasting damage caused by SARS to global economic activities and global GDP.

　　China’s initiative has also eased the world’s worries. CNBC, an American financial website, said that after China took stricter measures and set up a high-level leading group, investors’ panic seemed to be ebbing. Bank of America, an investment bank, said that in the new crisis, China has been more proactive in updating the situation. To some extent, China’s response eased the concern that the epidemic might have a serious global impact.

　　The world has confidence in China. As Singaporean Foreign Minister Wei Wen said, compared with the fight against SARS in 2003, China’s technology, experience and ability to meet such challenges have been significantly improved. New Zealand is full of confidence that China will finally defeat the novel coronavirus epidemic.

　　Dr Jeremy Faller, chairman of Wellcome Foundation and an infectious disease expert, said: "China is setting a new benchmark for the response to the epidemic, and we should thank China." (Reporter Zhang Hong)

Open a new chapter in the community of human destiny —— On the occasion of the ＂Belt and Road＂ international cooperation summit forum

　　On September 7, 2013, the Supreme Leader of president delivered an important speech entitled "Promoting People’s Friendship for a Better Future" at Nazarbayev University. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Yip Wong)

　　The eyes of the world are focused on Beijing.

　　On May 14th, the "Belt and Road" international cooperation summit forum will officially kick off. At the invitation of the Chairman of the Supreme Leader, 29 heads of state and government gathered in Beijing, and about 1,500 official representatives attended the meeting to discuss the cooperation plan for the "Belt and Road" construction, draw a beautiful blueprint for mutually beneficial cooperation, and witness how this international grand event has far-reaching influence on the world and opened a new chapter in the community of human destiny.

　　This is an echo from the depths of history. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty, and the trip of "hollowing out" connected Europe and Asia, transmitted peace and spread prosperity. In the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean, and the voyage of braving waves opened up a maritime silk road between more than 30 countries to eliminate barriers, exchange needed goods and exchange cultures.

　　Crossing the Millennium, with the Chinese nation embarking on the journey of rejuvenation, this ancient Silk Road, which was buried under the rolling yellow sand and lurking in the waves, was awakened again and showed its first appearance.

　　From September to October, 2013, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader put forward "Silk Road Economic Belt" and "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" successively. Policy communication, road connectivity, smooth trade, currency circulation, and popular support — — The "One Belt, One Road" initiative with the "five links" as the main content echoes the North and the South, and the East and the West help each other. From point to area, from line to film, it conforms to the trend of the times and turns out to be born.

　　Over the past three years, this initiative initiated by China has been written into the resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly and the United Nations Security Council, which has received positive responses from more than 100 countries and international organizations, and more than 40 countries and international organizations have signed cooperation agreements with China to jointly build the Belt and Road Initiative.

　　Walk the road, connect the world, gather people’s hearts and seek a win-win situation. When the warm wind in May rises and Yanqi Lake is nearby, this groundbreaking historical event is also ready to bring the brightest spring scenery to the world.

　　"One Belt, One Road" responds to the expectations of the world by discussing, building and sharing.

　　The "Belt and Road" not only conforms to the great idea of realizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, but also is the expectation of people from all countries along the route.

　　Historically, two silk roads, one sea and one land, broke the boundaries between nations and nations, and connected different religions, languages and civilizations with the commercial road as the medium. After thousands of years, the Silk Road culture, which meets and influences each other, still stirs in the blood of future generations and never forgets it.

　　Almaty, Samarkand, Istanbul, Alexandria, Quanzhou, Xi ‘an … … In the autumn of 2014, one year after the "Belt and Road Initiative" was officially put forward, the People’s Daily "Walking the New Silk Road" reporting group visited more than ten domestic provinces and regions along the route and 27 cities in 13 countries abroad. The intersection of many languages, talking and laughing, and businessmen’s exchanges were in the ascendant, which was a common sight along the road at that time.

　　Ye Levov, an archaeologist from Kazakhstan, said: "The Silk Road has advantages and disadvantages for China and Kazakhstan." (Photo by People’s Daily reporter Zhao Yahui)

　　"The Silk Road has advantages and disadvantages for China and Kazakhstan." Madyar, a meritorious archaeologist in Kazakhstan? Ye Levov said. Standing at an archaeological excavation site in Talaz, an important town on the ancient Silk Road, and looking at the ruins of the ancient city in the 10th century, this scholar who specializes in studying the medieval trade routes and cities in Kazakhstan concluded from history: "We were created as neighbors, so only by being friendly and trusting each other can we develop together."

　　"Onlookers read history, while I am writing history." Former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand? Taparansi has experienced the 40-year changes in Thailand-China relations, and he regards the initiative of building the 21st century Maritime Silk Road as an opportunity for Thailand’s development. "Thailand should play a leading role among the 10 ASEAN countries, actively participate in the construction of the Maritime Silk Road and contribute to peace and development in Southeast Asia."

　　"We should take this opportunity to explore the historical value and practical role of the Silk Road and jointly contribute to the friendly cooperation between China and Egypt." Salah, chairman of the Egyptian National Information Service Center, said.

　　The expectation and affirmation of Silk Road reflects people’s yearning for a better life along the route. The Belt and Road Initiative is based on the principle of mutual cooperation, joint construction and sharing, characterized by openness and tolerance, and pursues mutual benefit and win-win, which is precisely the best answer to this expectation.

　　"China’s development benefits from the international community, and it is willing to provide more public goods for the international community. I propose ‘ Belt and Road ’ The initiative aims to share China’s development opportunities with countries along the route and achieve common prosperity. " On many international occasions, the top leaders introduced China’s mutually beneficial and win-win opening strategy, looking for the convergence of interests, the resonance of policy ideas, and the convergence of complementary cooperation, seeking the greatest common denominator for the "Belt and Road Initiative" and demonstrating the wisdom and tolerance of big countries.

　　The Belt and Road Initiative benefits the people of the world with tangible benefits.

　　If you combine, you will have two benefits, and if you divide, you will have two injuries. At present, the world economy is noisy and chaotic, geopolitical frictions are constant, anti-globalization is surging, and economic and social development and people’s living and working in peace and contentment are challenged as never before.

　　Learn from the past. The trend of globalization is irreversible. China adheres to the win-win opening-up strategy and plans an all-round opening-up pattern, which is a wise choice to conform to history, and the "Belt and Road Initiative" from China is the brightest color under the dim sky of globalization.

　　“ ‘ Belt and Road ’ Construction is not an empty slogan, but a practical measure that can be seen and touched, which will bring tangible benefits to regional countries. " On March 28th, 2015, the Supreme Leader solemnly declared at the opening ceremony of the annual meeting of Boao Forum for Asia. On the same day, the "Vision and Action for Promoting the Joint Construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road" was released, which promoted the "Belt and Road" from the top-level design blueprint three months ago to the substantive operation stage.

　　Gather wisdom and strength to achieve a win-win situation. Over the past three years, the "friend circle" of the "Belt and Road" has been expanding.

　　From 2014 to 2016, the total trade volume between China and countries along the route was about 20 trillion yuan, which was higher than the global average. China enterprises have invested more than 50 billion dollars in foreign direct investment in countries along the route; The newly signed foreign contracted projects in countries along the route amounted to 304.9 billion US dollars. 47 central enterprises participated in, participated in or invested in, or cooperated with the "Belt and Road" countries to build 1,676 projects.

　　In terms of major project construction, a number of major projects have landed one after another. China-Laos Railway, karakoram highway Phase II and Karachi Expressway have started, and the construction or operation of China-Russia, China-Kazakhstan, China-Myanmar and other oil and gas pipeline projects are progressing in an orderly manner.

　　In terms of the construction of overseas economic and trade cooperation zones, Chinese enterprises have successively built 56 overseas economic and trade cooperation zones in 20 countries along the route, with a cumulative investment of more than US$ 18.5 billion, which has created more than US$ 1.1 billion in tax revenue and 180,000 jobs for the host country. China — The Belarusian Industrial Park has become a pearl in the Silk Road Economic Belt, and the construction of the Egyptian Suez Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone, the Thai-Chinese Luo Yong Industrial Park and the Cambodian Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone is progressing smoothly.

　　In the construction of free trade zones, China has signed free trade agreements with ASEAN, Singapore, Pakistan and other countries and regions along the route. The protocol for upgrading the free trade zone with ASEAN was implemented in July last year, and the free trade agreement with Georgia is about to be signed. At present, we are actively promoting the negotiation of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP) and negotiating with the free trade zones of Israel, Maldives, Sri Lanka and GCC.

　　China manufacturing, China construction and China service are welcomed by more and more countries along the route, and more products, services, technology and capital from countries along the route are continuously entering China. It can be said that the "Belt and Road Initiative" came from China, but it has benefited the world, injected new vitality into the economic development of countries along the route, added new impetus to the economic development of an open world, and contributed a new model to the in-depth development of economic globalization.

　　On December 6, 2016, the first phase of the Sino-Kazakhstan Aiju Agricultural Products Processing Park was completed and put into operation smoothly. Through the construction of this project, the whole industrial chain operation mode of foreign planting, foreign primary processing and domestic deep processing and sales of grain and oil raw materials will be realized. (data map)

　　In April 2017, the reporter visited the cities along the Belt and Road again — —

　　In Cambodia, the Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone invested and built by Hodo Group Co.,Ltd. has been repeatedly called the "rice bowl" of local people by Governor Runming of Sihanoukville Province. Su Lin, a Cambodian girl who works as an interpreter in Changhui Pipe Company, proudly said, "Our family now has four motorcycles and one car. My monthly salary is more than 400 dollars, which is already the pillar of my family! "

　　In Kazakhstan, Xi ‘an Aiju Cereals and Oils Industry Group invested in agricultural products processing projects with the help of the Belt and Road Initiative. Dao Ren, a local man who is the general manager of Kazakhstan Branch, told reporters in Mandarin: "This agricultural project uses the most advanced agricultural technology, which can produce 300,000 tons of rapeseed a year, which undoubtedly enhances the enthusiasm of local farmers for growing grain. We have not only obtained sufficient grain sources, but also ensured processing and production for export and brought about 90 jobs. "

　　In Kenya, the Inner Mongolia Railway Project, undertaken by China Road and Bridge Engineering Co., Ltd., connects Mombasa, the largest port in East Africa, and Nairobi, the capital. It is the first railway built in Kenya in the past 100 years of independence and the first standard gauge railway in Kenya. "I am very much looking forward to this, which will definitely bring me many learning opportunities!" A local female engineer working here said.

　　In Serbia, Smederevo Iron and Steel Plant, founded in 1913, is the only large state-owned pillar enterprise, but it has been in trouble in recent years and was once on the verge of bankruptcy. In April last year, after China Hegang Group invested in the acquisition, it sent a technical team to diagnose and solve the problems in equipment, technology, information technology and technology of a century-old factory. In December last year, it ended its seven-year continuous loss and realized full profit. An employee who has worked in the steel plant for more than 20 years said, "After the arrival of China investors, the factory has come back to life. I am full of confidence in the future of the factory. "

　　In the Italian Pavilion of Chongqing Bonded Commodity Exhibition and Trading Center, where the Yangtze River Economic Belt meets the Belt and Road Initiative, Nicola, the commodity manager of Chongqing Polante Trading Co., Ltd. from Tuscany, said: "The Belt and Road Initiative has really implemented many policies in the implementation process, making freight transportation fast, safe and convenient, reducing the pressure on enterprises to occupy funds. Thanks to the Belt and Road Initiative for giving me better job opportunities and bringing more benefits to personal income generation. "

　　At present, the planning and layout of the "Belt and Road" construction has been initially completed, and it is moving towards the stage of taking root, intensive cultivation and sustainable development. The gradual flowering of the project has enabled people along the route to catch the express train developed by China. The people of the world have never been so close to the "Belt and Road", so true.

　　"One Belt, One Road" goes to the world in a more proactive manner.

　　"If we want to maintain sustained and healthy economic development, we must establish a global vision, more consciously coordinate the two overall domestic and international situations, comprehensively plan the grand strategy of all-round opening up, and go to the world with a more proactive attitude." On August 17, 2016, the top leaders emphasized at the symposium on promoting the construction of the "Belt and Road". History has proved that China is a beneficiary of opening up. Promoting reform and development through opening up is an important experience that China has made new achievements in its development over the past 30 years.

　　"I want to stand up and stand up, and I want to reach people."

　　At present, when domestic development is facing brand-new requirements and the international environment is undergoing profound changes, it is China’s strategic choice and an important prerequisite for China’s sustained and healthy economic development to continue to adhere to the mutually beneficial and win-win opening-up strategy, plan an all-round opening-up pattern, and go to the world with a more proactive attitude.

　　The construction of the "Belt and Road" will promote development by opening wider to the west, which will help accelerate the pace of development in the western region and promote the linkage of the eastern, central and western regions. At the same time, the "Belt and Road" covers the central and western China and coastal provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, and closely follows China’s regional development strategy, new urbanization strategy and opening-up strategy, which will help China to form a new pattern of all-round opening-up.

　　Beibu gulf port is the most convenient gateway to ASEAN countries in the hinterland of China, and it is open to more than 100 countries and regions and more than 200 ports in the world, achieving full coverage of ASEAN. (Photo by People’s Daily reporter Sun Yang)

　　At the same time, China itself is also accelerating many domestic reforms and economic restructuring, providing the world with stronger growth momentum, broader market opportunities and better quality trading partners with its own healthy and sustainable development, and better connecting with the Belt and Road Initiative.

　　"In the past four years, we have launched more than 1,200 reform measures on the basis of continuous reform in the previous 30 years, which has injected a strong impetus into the development of China." The Supreme Leader said at the Davos Forum earlier this year.

　　In 2016, against the background of weak world economy, China’s economy grew by 6.7%, ranking among the top in the world, contributing more than 30% to global economic growth. The adjustment of economic structure has been accelerated, residents’ consumption and service industry have become the main driving forces of economic growth, the energy consumption per unit of GDP has continued to decline, and green development has achieved initial results. Breakthrough progress has been made in the reform of important areas and key links, the supply-side structural reform has achieved initial results, and the innovation-driven development strategy has been implemented in depth. The rural poor population decreased by 12.4 million.

　　Under the guidance of the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, China will also strive to improve the quality and efficiency of economic growth, constantly stimulate the growth momentum and market vitality, actively create a relaxed and orderly investment environment, and vigorously build a pattern of opening up for common development. It is estimated that in the next five years, China will import US$ 8 trillion of goods and absorb US$ 600 billion of foreign investment, with a total foreign investment of US$ 750 billion and 700 million outbound tourists, providing countries around the world with a broader market, more capital, more abundant products and more valuable opportunities for cooperation.

　　"For the industrial and commercial circles of all countries, the development of China is still an opportunity for everyone. The door of China is always open to the world and will not be closed. " The supreme leader said.

　　Tomorrow, the "Belt and Road" international cooperation summit forum will be held in Beijing. China, together with other countries, will give the Silk Road, which spans over a thousand years, a brand-new era connotation.

　　This will be a forum for expanding the consensus of international cooperation, promoting pragmatic cooperation in key areas and planning a long-term cooperation vision.

　　Let us join hands and open a new chapter in the community of human destiny with the mighty spring breeze of the "Belt and Road".

Is the online celebrity noodle restaurant fattened by migrant workers going on the market？

Original Wang Yan Time Finance APP

Source: Thumb worm

Author | Wang Yan

Editor | Li Qian

If we want to find the most eye-catching category in the catering industry in the past few years, chain pasta must have a place. During this period, the financing amount of many "noodle shops" exceeded 100 million yuan, and the valuation of some brands even increased several times in the initial stage, which became the investment target that the market rushed to grab.

Nowadays, these brands have begun to sprint the capital market.

On January 15th, IFR, a subsidiary of Reuters, quoted a person familiar with the matter as saying that the noodle chain enterprise is currently discussing with the bank and considering an initial public offering (IPO) in Hong Kong, with an estimated fundraising scale of about 100 million US dollars. In addition, another pasta brand and Fu Lao Mian are also planning to go public in Hong Kong, raising 100-200 million US dollars.

For the news of listing IPO, the two brands are quite low-key. The person in charge who met Xiao Mian told Time Finance that the above information was not exact and there was no specific listing plan at present. Su Xuxiang, its co-founder, directly called the IPO news a rumor. The person in charge related to the government fishing noodles did not respond.

The founders of the two major brands are ambitious. They met Song Qi, the founder of Noodles, and Li Xuelin, the founder of Hefu Fishing Noodles, who both promised to be "McDonald’s in China".

Selling noodles to "migrant workers" is the most expensive 108 yuan per bowl.

Hefu Fishing Noodles and Meeting Noodles are early new consumer catering brands, which were founded in 2013, the night before the traditional catering turned to new catering. At that time, Hefu Laomian opened its first store in Shanghai, and when it met Xiaomian, it was established in Guangzhou in 2014.

Capital also favors it. In July, 2021, Hefu Fishing Noodles received nearly 800 million yuan in financing in the E round, setting a record for the highest financing of the noodle track in the domestic catering industry. The investors included CMC Capital, Tencent Investment, LFC, etc. In July, 2021, after completing the fifth round of financing, Met Xiaomian’s valuation tripled to 3 billion yuan in just three months. It was led by Country Garden Venture Capital and followed by Xijiade. The investment lineup included well-known giants such as Baifu Holdings and Jiumaojiu Group.

As a bowl of noodles sold to "migrant workers", it is different from the brand positioning of Fu Lao Mian and Xiao Mian. Hefulao noodles take the high-end catering route, aiming at the price of 50-60 yuan per capita consumption, and the highest price is the old-fashioned crab noodles with the original price of 108 yuan. As of January 16, its stores are basically located in first-tier and provincial capitals, and more than 73% are located in high-end shopping centers and transportation hubs.

When you meet Xiao Mian, it’s a cheap culture, which focuses on fast and simple meals around 30 yuan per capita, but the target consumer group is also white-collar workers. At present, the vast majority of stores that meet Xiaomian are also located in first-tier cities, but they are wider than Hefu, covering shopping malls, airports, high-speed railway station, communities, business districts and other places. At the same time, some second-and third-tier cities also have stores.

Source: Photo by Time Finance

However, whether it is the per capita consumption of more than 60 yuan for fishing with the government or the pricing for meeting 30 yuan, it is still on the high side for non-commercial areas and sinking markets in some cities.

Wang Hongdong, the founder and catering analyst of Dining Baodian, told Time Finance that from the perspective of brand positioning and product pricing, the audience of Hefu noodles and noodles are located in first-and second-tier cities, but in these areas, the market is limited. Even if mature brands are built early, it may be difficult to copy them to the sinking market in the future due to the high price of their products.

On the other hand, the product structure that is mainly based on food from the south has once limited the expansion of Hefu noodles and small noodles to the northern regional market.

Subsequently, Hefulao noodles began to explore beef noodles, hot pot, bistro and other stores, and constantly expanded the scene and brand. Although no multi-brand strategy has been launched, Met Noodles is also under the main brand, and diversified products such as kebabs, hot and sour powder and braised pork rice have been launched one after another.

Put down your posture and impact the sinking market.

With the high cost performance of catering consumption becoming the mainstream demand, people choose to let go of their bodies and start to consciously lower the overall customer unit price in various ways.

Since the end of last year, Hefu Fishing Noodles has launched low-priced products, and the products below 30 yuan account for more than 50% of its menu. In addition, the proportion of products from 20-30 yuan has increased, and snacks, drinks and other categories have been launched, and the promotion of "selected workers" has also been adopted.

However, the explanation given by Li Xuelin, the founder of Hefu noodles, is not "price reduction" but "price stratification". On January 9th, Li Xuelin said in an interview with 21st century business herald that the overall decline of brand prices was about 30%, which was not a price reduction across the board, but a polishing of the product matrix with high quality and wide price band according to the needs of users, which increased the proportion of 25 yuan -30 yuan products with price band and improved the quality.

Met Xiao Mian also made an article on the price. The working meal they launched in September 2023 fell to 20 yuan, and at the same time, they successively launched 11.1 yuan noodle coupons, 9.9 yuan afternoon tea and other promotional activities.

Wang Hongdong told Time Finance that at present, the competition in the industry is fierce, so he chose to "reduce the price" in the same way, on the one hand, to broaden the audience, and at the same time, to lay the foundation for future expansion to low-tier cities.

At least from the perspective of fishing with the government, it seems that the advantages of reducing prices outweigh the disadvantages. In an exclusive interview with 21st century business herald, Li Xuelin said that the sales of noodles in Hefu increased by more than 50% compared with 2022. The overall market scale is growing by a large margin, the passenger flow is increasing year-on-year, and the customer unit price is declining.

Source: Unsplash

In July 2023, an announcement of Juewei Food (603517.SH) unveiled the performance "veil" of Jiangsu Hefu Catering Management Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Hefu Catering"), the main body of Hefu Fishing Noodles. At that time, when Juewei Food replied to the supervision letter of Shanghai Stock Exchange, it explained the revenue of its investment projects. Among them, the revenue of Hefu Catering in 2020-2022 was 1.107 billion yuan, 1.732 billion yuan and 1.456 billion yuan respectively, and the net profit was-206 million yuan,-211 million yuan and-299 million yuan respectively. In the past three years, the accumulated loss of Hefu catering exceeded 700 million yuan.

However, in an internal letter issued at the end of July 2023, Hefu Fishing said that it had turned losses into profits in the first half of 2023.

Open to join, make money with supply chain

For a long time before, both Hefulao Noodles, which was born in Shanghai, and Encounter Noodles, which was established in Guangzhou, seemed to have concerns about the rapid expansion of stores and the sinking of layout. Over the years, their expansion rate is not fast.

Narrow-door dining eyes show that as of January 16, Met Noodles has 250 stores in China, distributed in Guangdong, Beijing, Fujian, Hubei and other places. Guangdong market is the home base for meeting Xiao Mian, with 170 local stores.

When he won over 100 million yuan in financing in July 2021, he met Xiao Mian and revealed that store expansion is the focus of his future development. It is planned that the number of stores will increase to 1,000 within three years. But obviously, I met Xiao mian and failed to complete the plan as scheduled. In July 2023, Met Faces revised its target, and it is expected to add 100 stores in the next year, focusing on the Yangtze River Delta region.

Hefu Fishing Noodles has always insisted on direct sales before. As of January 16th, it had 532 stores. In July 2023, the number of stores in Hefu Fishing Noodles was 441.

Source: Unsplash

At the same time of price reduction, Hefu Fishing Noodles and Encountering Noodles also choose to join in, so as to reduce business risks and quickly occupy a larger market.

In 2019, it met Faces and opened its franchise. Since then, its opening speed has accelerated. Narrow-door dining eyes show that from 2021 to 2023, there were 55, 43 and 91 newly opened stores that met Xiaomian respectively. At the end of 2023, Hefu Fishing Noodles also opened its franchise mode, and said that it would open 20,000 stores in the next 10 years.

At the same time, the supply chain has also become an important driving force for noodle restaurant brands to achieve expansion and profitability. Self-built factory is one of the most mentioned projects in the use of financing funds for Hefu Fishing. According to its disclosure, the company will fully implement the new model and open cooperation at the B end. In more than 80 cities across the country, the pattern of daily distribution, two-day distribution and three-day distribution is basically implemented in Hefu fishing noodles. The current logistics network planning is enough to support the local market, and the cost of the new model will also drop.

Met Xiao mian did not take the asset-oriented route in the supply chain, and chose to cooperate with mature supply chain enterprises such as Yihai Kerry, New Hope and Shuhai.

Wang Hongdong said that compared with the franchise model, the direct marketing model is expanding slowly and facing greater financial pressure. The purpose of opening to join is to ease the financial pressure and to expand the scale. In addition, with the continuous accumulation of supply chain, Hefu noodles are also expected to make money by charging franchise fees and management fees, and selling raw materials to franchisees, just like Honey Snow Ice City.

Nowadays, in the new consumer noodle restaurant track, Hefu Fishing Noodles and Meet Noodles have become the head brands in their respective segments, but they are not the only players in this track. Ma Jiyong, Chen Xianggui and Zhang Lala, the "three treasures" of Lanzhou beef noodles born in Shanghai, have begun to emerge in recent years, and Wuye Noodles, which has expanded hundreds of stores, has also obtained financing and continued to expand.

In this country with vast territory and abundant resources and obvious differences in food culture, the catering market is scattered enough, and any category and brand has the opportunity to find their own way of life. However, it is not easy for Hefu, who aims to become "China McDonald’s", to get noodles and meet small noodles.

(Welcome to reprint, please add WeChat, ID: Rafe 0101).

-Produced by Guangdong Times Media Group-

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Is the online celebrity noodle restaurant fattened by migrant workers going on the market? Original Wang Yan Time Finance APP Touch to read the original text

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Original title: "online celebrity noodle restaurant fattened by migrant workers, going on the market? 》

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Chongqing： There is a long queue in front of the restaurant in the hot pot restaurant.

CCTV News:If you ask a Chongqing person what the first thing to do after the epidemic is over, eating hot pot must be the choice of many people. On March 10th, Chongqing adjusted the first-level response to public health emergencies to the second-level response, and then, some hot pot restaurants in Chongqing began to resume eating.

Guanyinqiao business circle is one of several major business circles in Chongqing. From four o’clock in the afternoon, the hot pot restaurants in the business circle that resumed eating began to welcome diners in line.

Xie Ronghua, director of the front office of a hot pot restaurant in Chongqing:Usually the queue starts at 5: 30, and now there are 18 tables.It takes about an hour to get up.

Compared with the diners waiting outside the hot pot restaurant, the diners who can sit in the store and enjoy the hot pot restaurant are much happier.

Diner Xie:For Chongqing people, not eating hot pot for a month or two is definitely not good, and it is definitely exciting to eat it.

Although the hot pot restaurant has resumed eating, it is also different from the past. On March 11th, according to the epidemic prevention and control requirements in Jiangbei District where Guanyinqiao Business Circle is located, after arriving at the store, guests should first take temperature measurement and alcohol disinfection at the door, then register and show the "Yukang Code", and finally be guided by the staff to eat in the corresponding area.

Yang Yuhong, Deputy Director of Guanyinqiao Business Circle Management Office, Jiangbei District, Chongqing:We require all restaurants in the dining hall to strictly check and register the food procurement, the standardization of business premises, and the control of people flow in the business environment, especially the health track of our operators, including the passenger flow for consumption.

Although the dining process is more complicated, it is these special requirements that enable diners to relax and walk into the hot pot restaurant, take off their masks and enjoy the food. It is understood that with the opening of dining hall, the daily average flow of people in Guanyinqiao business circle has exceeded 100,000, which has returned to about one fifth of the original.

Smart driving the future! Is the ADiGO 3.0 autopilot system really ＂fragrant＂？ Experience Guangzhou Automobile New Energy Aian LX.

Today, with the rapid iteration of the domestic new energy vehicle market, many manufacturers at home and abroad are aiming at this huge cake, and taking advantage of this so-called "new energy" momentum, they have launched one model after another. From the product point of view, although there are many new energy vehicles on the market at present, the quality is actually mixed, and there are not many "good cars" that can really be taken. At the same time, many manufacturers also regard the L3 automatic assisted driving system, which is popular at present, as a configuration to check for missing parts.

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This technology configuration is no longer exclusive to luxury cars, although 200,000-300,000-level household scooters are also equipped with this configuration; But to be honest, many friends who have bought cars don’t know what L3 is. Whether it is even practical is still unknown; Today, on the occasion of this test drive of Ai ‘an LX, we have a deep talk with you about the ADiG0 3.0 autopilot system carried by this car.

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What is L3 autopilot? What’s the difference between ADiGO 3.0 system?

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First of all, briefly talk about L3 autopilot, which is based on the standards formulated by the American Society of International Automotive Engineers. Among them, L3 level is the abbreviation of highly automatic driving when conditions permit, and the car can turn, accelerate and decelerate by itself and respond appropriately to the environment; At the same time, people can also take over and quit autonomous driving. To put it bluntly, L3 automatic assisted driving has been able to get rid of the hands and feet, and there is no need to interfere with the driving of the car in the open state. The ADiG0 3.0 autopilot system equipped by Guangzhou Automobile New Energy Ai ‘an LX, the most important thing is to improve the high-precision map and the more intelligent Mobileyeye EQ 4 camera, which can more accurately perceive the 360-degree environment of the vehicle.

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Among them, the difference between this ADiGO 3.0 autopilot system and other assisted driving systems lies in this "high-precision map", which is considered to occupy a unique "geographical position". Compared with other maps in the past, its accuracy has reached 0.1 meter, and it can predict the road conditions 1 kilometer away, which greatly improves the perception of vehicles as a whole. However, the GPS signal is lost due to high-speed road conditions, under the bridge and the weather, and the latest generation MobileyQ4 chip carried by this Ai ‘an LX will not appear, greatly improving the driving experience of the car.

At the same time, ADiGO3.0 system uses the fifth generation millimeter wave radar from Bosch to cooperate with the brand-new high-precision map; Moreover, the system also has the self-learning ability, which can imitate and evolve according to the driver’s daily habits, and will give users a better driving mode as a whole. Moreover, Ai ‘an LX has a more powerful driver monitoring DMS system with vehicle owner fatigue monitoring sensors, which can monitor the driver’s driving state in real time, distracting for more than 3 seconds, that is, actively ensuring safety through warning lights and sound reminders, avoiding fatigue and distraction and improving driving safety; It is reported that this ADiGO 3.0 autopilot system can only be installed through the Aion LX 80 version at present, and the optional price is 39,800 yuan.

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Is ADiGO 3.0 system complicated to operate?

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As the functions of the automatic driving system are becoming more and more abundant, when you want to turn on or off a driving assistance system alone, you often have to turn it upside down in the menu, and these relatively low-level settings are generally areas that speech recognition can’t control. Take Ai ‘an LX as an example. Although the UI design concentrates the auxiliary systems together, it is necessary to turn on all the horizontal, vertical, blind areas and intelligent parking assistance systems in order to realize all the functions of ADiGO 3.0 system.

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At the same time, when driving, the ADiGO 3.0 system is turned on, which is divided into two steps and three buttons in total. Only when the right button is used to turn on the adaptive cruise and set the good distance can the lane keeping function be activated through the left steering wheel pattern button, and the cancellation function can be directly pressed by the adaptive cruise button. On the whole, this combination also invisibly increases the learning cost of drivers.

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How is the ADiGO 3.0 system measured?

Through the test drive in the past few days, we have a preliminary understanding of the overall use of ADiGO 3.0 auxiliary driving system carried by this Guangzhou Automobile New Energy Aian LX. However, due to the abnormal working state of the expressway auxiliary system of our Aian LX test drive, the high-precision map cannot be activated normally. Until the test drive is returned, the problem has not been solved, so we can only experience some functions of ADiGO 3.0, and the subjective feelings below are only evaluated based on the current car condition.

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Although only part of the functions of the system are used, the sensitivity of the system is extremely high, and the automatic driving and car following functions can be easily realized by turning on the automatic driving system during normal driving.

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However, the whole road section referred to in this autopilot system is not all roads. Due to the complex road conditions in China, the current high-precision map only covers 28 urban expressways and urban expressways. Therefore, for safety reasons, when the high-precision map is not activated, we use the adaptive cruise of Ai’ an LX and turn on the autopilot function. When the speed exceeds 80km/h, the car’s automatic lane change can be activated, and its automatic lane change can be completed only by the turn signal. However, Automatic lane change at this speed and above can’t be completely realized. Therefore, in order to get rid of the shackles of hands and feet, it is still necessary to use both hands and feet on high-speed and relatively simple urban expressways, while in urban roads.

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Then we talk about lane identification. First of all, when I am driving on a normal paved road, Ian LX will stay in the middle of the lane, and there will be no left/right deviation, and it will stay firmly in the middle of the lane. Relative to the road, this function basically belongs to the state of stopping, and it will automatically tend to drive in the middle from time to time, so this function still requires the use of the road.

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At the same time, after the front vehicle slows down or accelerates during driving, the braking system will still keep the whole vehicle at a relatively low speed, and it will not speed up until the front vehicle almost leaves the monitoring range. The overall response seems to reflect the slowdown, but in general, it ensures the safety of the overall driving environment. It is worth noting that most of our test drive encounters morning and evening peaks, so it is "blocked" on the loop to a great extent. In this case, automatic car-following is a more practical configuration for us. After simple testing, the car has four adjustable car-following distance gears, among which the setting distance is adjusted to the latest in congested sections, which is not easy to be jammed; However, the response of the system is usually slow, so it is not recommended to adjust to the nearest distance on extremely congested roads or highways. On the contrary, more space should be left for drivers to respond.

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Finally, let’s talk about the automatic parking function that is more suitable for the needs of our car in the configuration of Ai ‘an LX. This function is extremely sensitive and has three functions: parallel parking, vertical parking and parallel parking. Relying on 17 radars (1 forward medium-range millimeter wave, 4 short-range lateral millimeter waves and 12 ultrasonic radars), four panoramic cameras realize more accurate parking and parking functions, but the extreme action of this automatic parking function is too large. At the same time, when looking for a parking space, we should be closer to the surrounding vehicles, so that it will be easier to find the parking position. Generally speaking, this function is also a good practical configuration for people like me who are usually lazy.

Conclusion:

This experience of Ai ‘an LX mainly lies in driving assistance. The overall feeling is quite good. L3 autopilot is natural and smooth, and it is not complicated to open. It is easier to open after proficiency and the process is very friendly. The fly in the ointment is that at present, high-precision maps only support high-speed and urban expressways, which can relieve fatigue to a great extent. However, at present, only a few companies in China have qualification measurement, so there is still room for improvement in high-precision maps. The only pity in this experience is that this Aion LX process is limited by the failure to activate the highway auxiliary system, and it is impossible to truly get rid of the foot on the highway; In urban road conditions, ADiGO 3.0 still has some functional details, such as prompt information and the ability to pass the ramp, which need to be improved in future OTA; At the same time, the test drive model is Ai ‘an LX 80. Although it has not been tested in depth in terms of battery life, after comprehensive use, NEDC’s comprehensive working condition battery life is 650km, which also enables users to travel further.

Jietu Automobile opened in Sheng Rui, Jining, and the strength of Chery Holdings was endorsed. Jining Sheng Rui set sail in full dress.

On December 7, 2019, I was fortunate to attend the opening ceremony of Jining Shengrui Jietu Smart Store. I was deeply honored and took this opportunity to have a deeper understanding of Jietu and Chery Holdings, and I had more reason to be proud of the national brand.

Next, I will show the scene of the grand opening of Jining Shengrui Jietu Smart Store from my perspective, hoping to take this as a commemoration, and at the same time, I will share with you some brief introductions of Chery Holdings.

Wonderful moments at the scene:

The Chinese style dance at the scene, with elegant colorful sleeves, is a phoenix.

After the wonderful opening program, it was natural that the guest delivered a speech, which was expected, but the unexpected thing was that Mr. Li Xueyong, general manager of JETOUR Jietu Marketing Center of Chery Holding Group, personally attended the opening ceremony of Jietu Automobile Jining Sheng Rui, and delivered a speech to send blessings, which also gave everyone a more comprehensive understanding of Chery Holdings:

Chery Holding Group Co., Ltd. was established in 2010. Based on the automobile industry, it fully integrates various social resources and steadily realizes diversified development. The Group has invested in automobile, auto parts production and research and development, shipbuilding, finance, tourism real estate, modern service industry and other business sectors. Its business scope covers more than 80 overseas countries and regions, with more than 48,000 employees and total assets of more than 120 billion yuan.

Automobile section:

As the main industry, Chery Holdings not only owns Jietu, Kaiyi, Chery, Jaguar, Land Rover and other brands, but also has made great achievements in the field of commercial vehicles. It has an annual production capacity of 3,000 special vehicles, 30,000 buses, 80,000 light trucks, 300,000 mini-cars, 300,000 engines and 150,000 gearboxes, and its products are exported overseas.

In the auto parts section:

Chery Holdings is engaged in the investment and management of auto parts industry chain, and participates in the design, development, production, processing and sales service of auto parts. The investment field covers the design and manufacture of automobile chassis, electronic appliances, body/safety, powertrain and other component systems and automobile equipment.

Ship plate:

It has two core enterprises: Limited Company and Wuhu Fuji Heng Machinery Co., Ltd., among which Wuhu Shipyard is the backbone enterprise of China’s ship export and one of the key production bases of national military auxiliary ships.

In the financial sector, Chery Huiyin Auto Finance Co., Ltd. is the first China self-owned brand auto finance company approved by China Banking Regulatory Commission. The business sector involves circular economy, taxi operation, warehousing and logistics; The "Tourism & Real Estate" sector mainly involves two major businesses, namely "Anhui Zhuorui Real Estate Co., Ltd." and "Anhui Tiandi Campsite Investment Management Co., Ltd.".

OK, after a brief understanding of Chery Holdings, let’s go back to the scene and continue to pay attention to the grand opening ceremony of Jining Sheng Rui.

Sheng Rui, Jining, opened for business! The picture shows Mr. Li Xueyong, general manager of JETOUR Jietu Marketing Center of Chery Holding Group, relevant leaders of Chery Huiyin Automobile Finance Co., Ltd., Mr. Li Lisong, Jining Sheng Rui of Jietu Automobile, Ms. Shi Ran, Deputy Secretary General of Jining Automobile Association, Chairman of Shuoxin Automobile City and relevant leaders of Jietu after-sales service department attending and witnessing the opening of Jining Sheng Rui.

General Manager Liu Yanyan delivered a speech. General Manager Liu’s explanation of Jining Sheng Rui’s business philosophy and service purpose and his confidence in Jietu brand won high recognition from the guests at the scene and ushered in another applause.

At the opening ceremony of Jietu Automobile Jining Sheng Rui, Jietu’s brand-new medium-sized SUV, Jietu X95, was officially launched. The new car is as tough as ever. At the same time, the edge of the middle net is decorated with silver decorative strips, and the interior is regular and dense lattice design, which is also very fashionable.

The picture shows Mr. Fang Yi, the regional manager of JETOUR Shandong, Chery Holding Group, announcing the new car price. As a medium-sized SUV, the guide price range of JETOUR X95 is 9.99-150,900 yuan, and the powertrain has 1.5T+6MT/6DCT and 1.6T+7DCT, providing three layouts of 5 seats, 6 seats and 7 seats.

A good brand can’t be separated from the support of excellent teams. At the opening ceremony of Jietu Automobile Jining Sheng Rui, Jining Sheng Rui team showed their vigor and passion.

At the opening ceremony of Jietu Automobile Jining Sheng Rui, Jietu manufacturers and Jining Sheng Rui jointly issued authorization for the channel dealers in the county and city. The picture shows Mr. Li Xueyong, general manager of JETOUR Marketing Center of Chery Holding Group, and Ms. Liu Yanyan, general manager of Jietu Automobile Jining Sheng Rui Smart Store, taking photos with the channel dealers.

Like Jietu brand, Jietu Automobile Jining Sheng Rui has the same pragmatic but fashionable style. At the opening ceremony, Jining Sheng Rui brought many benefits to customers: manicure, mobile phone film, shaking awards and music feast. In short, it was always a surprise to come to Jietu Automobile Jining Sheng Rui. At this point, the opening ceremony of Jietu Automobile Jining Sheng Rui was successfully completed, and this article is drawing to a close. Finally, it ends with a photo, which is a group photo of the leaders, guests and Sheng Rui team attending the opening ceremony of Jietu Automobile Jining Sheng Rui.

I wish Jietu Automobile Jining Sheng Rui a long-term success, and hope that this team can pass on the pride and strength of national brands to more people through their own efforts.

Empowering car companies to digitally transform car networking data elements to highlight value

From September 3 to 5, the 2024 China Information and Communication Industry Development Forum was held in Beijing. As a high-end event to explore new trends and promote new transformation in the field of information and communication, the forum has been successfully held for 20 times and is known as the "weather vane for the development of information and communication industry". With the theme of "promoting digital transformation and creating a new future of information and communication", the forum brought together elites from all walks of life, such as government, enterprises and academia, to discuss new development paths of information and communication industry.

Jiao Wenbin, director of big data of Unicom Zhiwang Technology, attended as a special guest, and delivered a keynote speech entitled "Value Application of Internet of Vehicles Data Elements", which deeply analyzed the key role of Internet of Vehicles data in promoting the digital transformation of the industry.

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Jiao Wenbin pointed out that Unicom Zhiwang Technology, as a professional subsidiary of China Unicom Group, has provided end-to-end solutions for many car companies with years of industry experience accumulation, data processing ability and continuous technological innovation, helping car companies accelerate the digital transformation process. Relying on China Unicom’s massive data of 470 million users and refined labeling system, Unicom Zhiwang Technology can accurately locate the target user groups of car companies and help them optimize their marketing strategies. At the same time, with intelligent vehicle networking products, Unicom Zhiwang Technology continuously promotes the landing of cutting-edge application scenarios such as smart travel and vehicle-road coordination, and promotes the intelligent upgrading and coordinated development of traffic. Unicom Zhiwang Technology has built a multi-dimensional data model covering user behavior, vehicle attributes, etc., which provides powerful market analysis, customer management and after-sales service support for car companies. In addition, through close cooperation with more than 60 strategic partners and more than 300 industrial chain partners, the company has always been at the forefront of the industry in terms of technological innovation and standard setting. Especially in the optimization of charging pile location and customized auto insurance service, Unicom Zhiwang Technology uses big data analysis technology, which not only improves the efficiency of resource utilization, but also enhances the customer experience and opens up new profit growth points for enterprises.

Jiao Wenbin said that Unicom Zhiwang Technology will continue to deepen the field of vehicle networking and intelligent transportation, and will continue to explore new applications of data value, promote the intelligent transformation of automobile enterprises, and work hand in hand with industry partners to create more market opportunities and technological breakthroughs, so as to contribute to building a more intelligent, convenient and efficient transportation system.

Editor: Ye Yaokun

Direct hit performance briefing will reduce Gree Electric’s shareholding to less than 5%, and the ＂five-board＂ Haili shares will meet the down limit company： there is no reorganization and other matte

　　"In the first three quarters of 2024, driven by global warming, domestic trade-in policy stimulation, and demand growth in overseas emerging markets, the production and sales of China’s air-conditioning industry grew steadily, and the demand for air-conditioning compressors also rose. According to industry online and other data, in the first three quarters, China’s household air-conditioning industry sold 155 million units, a year-on-year increase of 13.0%; China’s rotary compressor industry sold 220 million units, up 9.7% year-on-year. In the first three quarters, the sales growth of the company’s rotary compressors was higher than the industry growth rate. "

　　On the afternoon of November 13th,(600619.SH, share price of 18.42 yuan, market value of 19.771 billion yuan) participated in the collective performance briefing of the third quarterly report of listed companies in Shanghai in 2024. In addition to the development of the company’s traditional compressor business, the participating management also paid attention to the recent market concerns.The rumors of reduction and restructuring gave a partial response.

　　Clarify the rumors of reorganization: there are no major matters that should be disclosed but not disclosed.

　　"Does the rumor that your company does not exist such as reorganization mean that it does not exist before or at the time of publication, or that it will not be reorganized with Shanghai Microelectronics (Shanghai Microelectronics Equipment (Group) Co., Ltd.) in the future? How long is the timeliness of this announcement? This is the core of the problem that our investors pay close attention to. Please also answer. "

　　"What is the intention of Haili’s top ten shareholders to reduce their holdings one after another, and whether they are paving the way for Shanghai Microelectronics backdoor? Please also give a clear answer."

　　At the performance briefing meeting, an investor kept asking questions to the participating executives online. An hour later, the above two questions got the same answer: "The company fulfilled its information disclosure obligations in strict accordance with relevant laws and regulations, and there were no major matters that should be disclosed but not disclosed. Thank you for your attention. "

　　Investors’ concerns also indirectly reflect the interest of the secondary market. Since November, there have been rumors in the market that Shanghai Microelectronics is planning a backdoor listing. In the analysis of the disk trend, Haili shares are also associated with the concept of mask aligner by the outside world.

　　Affected by some market rumors, from November 4, Haili shares achieved a "five-board" and once again had a daily limit on November 11.

　　After the close of trading on November 11th, Haili Co., Ltd. announced that after the company’s self-examination and written consultation with the controlling shareholder, up to now, the company and the controlling shareholder have no hearsay matters such as company restructuring discussed in public opinion, and there are no major information that should be disclosed but not disclosed, including but not limited to major asset restructuring, share issuance, major transactions, business restructuring and share repurchase that are being planned involving the company., bankruptcy and reorganization, major business cooperation, introduction of strategic investors and other major issues.

　　Response to reduction: the transaction that it makes according to its own business arrangement.

　　In addition to the mask aligner concept and rumors of restructuring, in recent trading days, the reduction of the second largest shareholder of Haili Co., Ltd. is also the focus of market attention.

　　Haili Co., Ltd. is the world’s leading compressor production company and the upstream supplier of air conditioning industry. In order to expand the industrial chain structure and integrate high-quality industrial resources, Gree Electric has repeatedly bought shares of Haili, becoming the second largest shareholder of Haili.

　　According to public information, in the third quarter of this year, Gree Electric also increased its holdings of 567,500 shares of Haili, with a direct shareholding ratio of 8.41% by the end of the third quarter. In addition, Gree Electric concerted action Hongkong Gree Electric Sales Co., Ltd. holds 0.60% of the shares. In October, with the rising share price of Haili, Gree Electric began to reduce his holdings. According to the transaction data, compared with the stock price low in the year, the corresponding increase of the closing price of Haili shares on November 12 exceeded 300%.

　　On the evening of November 6th, Haili shares announced that from October 10th to November 6th, Gree Electric reduced its holdings by 36,282,900 shares, accounting for 3.3804%. On the evening of November 8, Haili shares issued the "Prompt Announcement on Changes in Shareholders’ Rights and Interests". According to the announcement, from November 7th to November 8th, Gree Electric reduced its holdings of 6,763,700 shares of Haili by centralized bidding, with a reduction ratio of 0.6302%.

　　Haili Co., Ltd. said in the announcement that after this equity change, Gree Electric’s share of the company changed from 5.03% to 4.40%, and Gree Electric and his concerted action Hongkong Gree Electric Sales Co., Ltd. changed their total share from 5.63% to 4.999993%, and they will no longer be shareholders holding more than 5% of the company’s shares.

　　In the face of investors’ questions about Gree Electric’s shareholding reduction, Haili shares briefly responded: "The relevant changes in equity are transactions made according to their own business arrangements."

　　On November 13, Haili shares fell. On the evening of the same day, national business daily reporter learned from Haili shares that up to now, Gree Electric is still one of the main customers of Haili shares, but the customer ranking is not convenient to disclose.

　　According to financial data, in the first three quarters of this year, Haili Co., Ltd. achieved operating income of 15.173 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 13.36%; The net profit of returning to the mother was 22.7109 million yuan, a loss of 88.3875 million yuan in the same period of last year.

　　Regarding the reasons for turning losses, Haili Co., Ltd. said that, first, in the main business cooling and heating related solutions and core parts business, the sales scale of the core product rotary compressor increased and the profit increased year-on-year; As for the second main business that the company has tried to build in recent years-In terms of business, Hailima Ruili has achieved results in operational improvement and improved profitability through a number of positive measures such as purchasing and manufacturing cost reduction; Third, it is the collection of real estate held by the company and the confirmation of compensation income.

　　According to Haili shares, in the third quarter of 2024, the company’sAutomobile electric compressor, automobile heat pump air conditioner, high-pressure warm water heater and other products won Geely,, Dongfeng Warrior, Dongfeng Nissan, Dongfeng Honda, Guangqi Honda, SAIC Volkswagen and other customers have new fixed-point models; The company’s automobile casting products have obtained new fixed points in several projects of customers such as Schaeffler, Hangzhou Jietu and Xiangshan Shen Da.

Biden will deliver his first prime-time speech in 50 days. What will he focus on？

　　BEIJING, March 12 (Xinhua)-According to a comprehensive report, US President Biden will deliver his first prime-time national speech since he took office at 8: 00 pm local time on the 11th, and the US media expects that he will announce the signing of $1.9 trillion in COVID-19’s relief and anti-epidemic efforts to get 2 million doses of vaccine every day, and hand over his report card for fighting the epidemic and boosting the economy since he took office for 50 days. It is expected that he will also announce that "anti-epidemic" will enter the next stage.

　　Biden’s anti-epidemic report card

　　A White House official said that Biden’s speech on the evening of the 11th is expected to last for about 20 minutes, with the focus on remembering more than 500,000 people who lost their lives in the epidemic and providing hope for those whose lives have been forced to change. He will also introduce the work that Biden’s government has done to rapidly increase vaccination and the actions that still need to be taken to overcome the epidemic.

　　White House officials said that Biden’s speech will also promise the people to send a check for $1,400 as soon as possible.

　　According to the report, Biden’s challenge on the evening of the 11th was to encourage people to be vigilant in the case of "virus fatigue", stressing that they could not return to normal life even in the case of widespread vaccination.

　　Leading the United States through the public health crisis and economic storm was listed as one of Biden’s first tasks after taking office. Before delivering a speech that attracted worldwide attention, Biden had just made his first major legislative achievement in office. Congress passed the $1.9 trillion COVID-19 bailout, and Biden officially signed the bill on the 11th.

　　The White House hopes that the bipartisan part of the $1.9 trillion rescue package will further increase Biden’s support rate. They also hope that the infrastructure package that Congress will push forward next will realize Biden’s commitment to bipartisan cooperation.

　　In addition, the United States will reach the goal of vaccinating 100 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine on the 11th at the earliest. After being elected president, Biden announced his plan for the first three hundred days, including "at least 100 million doses of vaccine".

　　"Anti-epidemic" enters the next stage?

　　Biden said on the 10th that he would "talk about what we have experienced as a country in the past year, but more importantly, I will talk about what will happen next."

　　He said: "I will start the next phase of the COVID-19 epidemic response and explain what we will do as a government and what we will ask the American people."

　　Biden said that his speech will focus on his administration’s plans for the next few months, and he reiterated that he will continue to call on Americans to keep social distance and wear masks to speed up the end of the epidemic.

　　Biden added: "After traveling in the dark for the past year, I finally saw the light at the end of the dark tunnel. We have real reasons to be hopeful. "