It has been half a year since the case of "senior executives accused of sexually assaulting adopted daughters" was filed for the second time, and CCTV asked nine questions.

CCTV WeChat official reported on April 11th that in the past two days, "Shandong executives were accused of sexually assaulting adopted daughters" caused heated discussion on the Internet and continued to ferment.

As for what happened to the girl Li Xingxing (a pseudonym), the client Bao Moming denied it. He insisted that the girl’s story was pure fabrication, stating that "my innocence will be proved and she will be held accountable for false accusation, frame-up and slander".

In the early morning of April 11, Yantai police issued another notice: a special work class was formed to comprehensively investigate the facts of the case that "executives were accused of sexually assaulting adopted daughters".

Latest progress

In the early morning of April 11th, Yantai Public Security Bureau issued a police notice: regarding a case in which a woman accused Bao Moming of sexual assault, our bureau has formed a special work class, and invited the Yantai People’s Procuratorate to send staff to participate, and is conducting a comprehensive investigation on the facts of the case investigated by Zhifu Public Security Bureau in the early stage and related issues of public concern. The results of the survey will be made public in time and accepted by all sectors of society.

Previously, the Zhifu District Public Security Bureau of Yantai City, Shandong Province has filed an investigation to verify the case.

This case was filed in April last year, and was later dismissed. The second case was filed in October last year, and it has been six months since the case was investigated.

Half a year has passed, why has this case attracted attention again?

There are still 9 major doubts in the case.

① Why did Li Xingxing’s mother give her child to Bao Mouming?

According to media reports, the victim girl said that her mother found an adoptive father for her because of "superstition". Through the introduction of netizens, Li Xingxing’s mother Zhou Juan (a pseudonym) met the stranger Bao Moming.

Bao Moming first told Zhou Juan that he always wanted to have a child. Soon after, he said that he hoped to "form a family" with his mother and daughter. It took only half a year, and Bao Moming completely gained the trust of Li Xingxing’s mother and daughter.

His solicitude, as well as his status as a lawyer and a graduate of a prestigious school, convinced Zhou Juan that Bao Mouming was "reliable".

Li Xingxing’s mother, Zhou Juan, said, "It’s really like a father. His knowledge is high. If he gives his daughter education, it will definitely be better than taking it with him."

② There is a difference of 29 years with Li Xingxing. Is the adoption relationship between them established?

According to Li Xingxing, she told the media that she called Bao Moming "Dad", and the relationship between them was "fostering father and daughter".

Article 9 of Chapter II "Establishment of Adoption Relationship" of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Adoption Law, which was amended in 1998, clearly points out that "if a man without a spouse adopts a woman, the age difference between the adopter and the adoptee should be over 40 years old".

However, Article 7 of "Establishment of Adoption Relationship" points out that if "children who are collateral blood relatives of the same generation within three generations are adopted", they are not restricted by Article 9.

According to public information, Bao Mouming was born in 1972 and is 48 years old. Li Xingxing was adopted in 2015, when he was 14 years old. At that time, Bao Moming was 43 years old, and the age difference between them was 29 years old.

Article 11 of Chapter II "Establishment of Adoption Relationship" of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Adoption Law also states that "adoption by the adopter and adoption by the adopter must be voluntary. If a minor over the age of ten is adopted, the consent of the adoptee shall be obtained. " In addition, Article 15 states that "adoption shall be registered with the civil affairs department of the people’s government at or above the county level. The adoption relationship shall be established from the date of registration "; Sixteenth is added, "After the adoption relationship is established, the public security department shall register the adoptee registered permanent residence in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state".

However, in an interview with the media, Bao Moming denied the adoption relationship between the two. Bao Moming stressed that he had never got along with the other party in a "father-daughter" relationship.

(3) Li Xingxing alarm for the first time, why didn’t there be any follow-up?

According to the murdered girl, she was just 14 years old when she was sexually assaulted for the first time. On December 31, 2015, Bao Mouming hugged her in the dark, forcibly took off the clothes of the victim girl and sexually assaulted her.

She once inquired about "the cause of lower body pain" in Baidu. In the doctor’s dialog box, a "doctor’s grandmother" told her, "You were raped."

After that, she listened to the doctor’s instructions and called the police. First, I called 110, and then I went to a police station in Beijing to tell the police about Bao Mouming’s injury to her.

Why didn’t the police file an investigation after the murdered girl called the police for the first time? Why is there no follow-up progress?

(4) Why did Yantai police not give the DNA test results, but gave the "Withdrawal Decision"?

On April 9, 2019, Li Xingxing asked the police for help at a police station in Zhifu District, Yantai City.

At that time, Li Xingxing made a record to the police and provided some physical evidence, including sanitary napkins with blood and semen and paper towels wiped by Bao Moming.

Li Xingxing also told the police that there were many "child pornography" on the TV set at home and Bao Moming’s computer, as well as nude photos and videos she was forced to take. She said that the camera installed at home must have captured a lot of things.

A few days later, Li Xingxing asked the police for the DNA test results, but the investigators did not give them. She asked to call the police again, but the police station did not accept it.

Until the middle and late April, the police investigating the case called Li Xingxing and asked her to get the "Withdrawal Decision".

For the specific reasons and process of withdrawing the case, the local police need to give a detailed explanation, why not give the DNA test results and how to make the decision to withdraw the case?

In this regard, the explanation given by Yantai police earlier was that "there is no criminal fact".

Decision of Zhifu Branch of Yantai Municipal Public Security Bureau to dismiss the case.

⑤ During the four years, was mother completely ignorant of this matter?

Li Xingxing’s mother, Zhou Juan, immediately rushed to Yantai from other places after receiving the first call from the police on April 8, 2019. She told reporters that she didn’t want to live at that time. "I want to take a knife and smash Bao Mouming."

Before that, Li Xingxing, the mother’s call, could only be answered under the gaze of Bao Moming. Bao Moming registered a WeChat account for Li Xingxing, in which only one friend was added, not mom, but "dad".

After the failure of the police in April, Li Xingxing tried to commit suicide frequently. Mothers must never leave their feet to prevent their daughters from committing suicide.

Zhou Juan’s Mandarin has a strong southern accent, which almost hinders normal communication. She took her daughter to Nanshan Road Police Station, Zhifu District Interpol Brigade, and Procuratorate, looking for letters and visits departments, lawyers, and deputies to the National People’s Congress, and looking for help everywhere to request another case.

My own daughter has been sexually assaulted for four years. As a mother, was she unaware and completely ignorant before?

⑥ Why did the police say, "I can’t take care of you any more, and I won’t have a job"?

Mother and daughter in a foreign land, the road to filing a case again is very difficult.

Zhou Juan recalled, "Everyone was there, just telling me not to go to work." "I called many times, but I didn’t answer.". Their mother and daughter kept running, waiting and begging, hitting a wall everywhere.

Later, a policeman who had expressed goodwill to them bluntly said, "I can’t take care of this matter anymore, and I won’t have a job if I take care of it again."

Why did the local police make this speech to Li Xingxing’s mother and daughter who asked for help many times? What’s behind it is worth pondering.

⑦ Why did the police let the victim and the perpetrator live in the same room?

According to media reports, at the police station in Zhifu District, Yantai City, Li Xingxing was unable to support herself because of a fever after she finished the transcript. The police told her to lie down on the sofa of the police station for a while, and she fell asleep.

After she woke up, Bao Moming also sat on the sofa. He leaned over to Li Xingxing, Li Xingxing moved aside, and he leaned over again, two or three times in a row, but Li Xingxing still let him. She was frightened and looked up at the "police uncle" opposite.

Zhang Gao, the vice captain of the criminal police team, was sitting opposite at that time. Everything was in the eyes. Why didn’t the exit stop it?

⑧ Why did Bao Mouming respond to this matter "involving privacy and inconvenient to disclose"?

Bao Moming is a glamorous and successful person in the eyes of the society. He was born in a prestigious school. He is a legal executive and an independent director of a large multinational company. He is also a legal adviser to many famous companies. He is also qualified as a barrister in the US Supreme Court.

In 2013, in his personal blog "Rhythmic Space", Bao Mouming wrote a blog titled "Viewing the Protection Gap of Minors from" Sleeping with Young Girls ".

He wrote: "China’s current crackdown on sexual abuse of young girls is indeed insufficient. Here, I call on the relevant departments to pay attention to this gap, take effective and feasible legislative and judicial measures as soon as possible, effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors, and try to avoid giving privileged people an opportunity. "

His adopted daughter said that she was just 14 years old when she was sexually assaulted by Bao Moming.

Bao Moming had previously responded to this matter. "She did this with ulterior motives and ulterior motives." However, he said that it is inconvenient to disclose whether he has had sexual relations with girls.

Today, Bao Mouming has been formally investigated, why is it still inconvenient to disclose it? If you don’t have sex, why can’t you express your attitude publicly?

Pet-name ruby whether there are other sexually abused children?

Among the evidence submitted by Li Xingxing to the police, there are several photos of Bao Mouming’s mobile phone QQ browsing record.

One of the photos taken in 2018 shows that on February 18 of that year, Bao Mouming visited several user spaces of "adoption", "adoption of children" and "adoption of female babies".

Who are these users? Is there an illegal black industry behind it? Further investigation is still needed.

Bao Moming’s QQ access record

It is expected that the case-handling organs will speed up the handling of cases under possible conditions and let the truth come out as soon as possible!

(The original title is "The case of executives accused of sexually assaulting adopted daughters", and 9 major doubts remain to be solved! 》)

In spring, the number of patients with pollen allergy increases. Besides flowers, there are trees as allergens.

Cherry blossoms in spring Zhejiang online reporter Li Xinyi photo

  Zhejiang Online April 3 rd (Reporter Li Xinyi)Fresh and elegant cherry blossoms, slim tulips and delicate peach blossoms … These days, spring flowers in many places in Zhejiang are in full bloom, and tourists have also started the flower viewing mode. However, some people enjoy flowers and get a snot and tears, not sentimental, but pollen allergy!

  According to the "Pollen Index" of China Weather Network, the pollen concentration in Hangzhou recently reached an average of 10,765 grains/1,000m2, which is directly in off the charts, and it is predicted that the pollen concentration in the air will remain extremely high in the next few days. It is reported that the pollen index of 400 grains /1000 square millimeters on weekdays has reached a high level and needs attention.

  No, these days, the number of patients suffering from allergic rhinitis due to pollen allergy in hospitals has also started to increase significantly. In the eye, ear, nose and throat clinic of Zhejiang People’s Hospital, there areMore than one-third of the patients came to see a doctor because of pollen allergy.

  Zhejiang Online Reporter Li Xinyi in the Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology Clinic of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital

  In the consulting room, the patientMs. Zhang (pseudonym) can’t stop sneezing and crying. "I went for a walk in the scenic park yesterday, enjoyed the cherry blossoms for a while, and came back like this." Ms. Zhang reluctantly told the doctor. After examination, she was diagnosed as seasonal allergic rhinitis. The doctor reminded her to avoid contact with allergens and prescribed some anti-allergic drugs for her.

  "Spring is the season of high incidence of allergic diseases. The number of people suffering from allergic rhinitis due to plant pollen allergy has greatly increased, and the usual symptoms are as followsSneezing, watery nose, nasal congestion, etc., some patients will also have tears and redness in their eyes, and in severe cases, they will also cause asthma.Allergens exist not only in flowers, but also in tree pollen of many plants such as buttonwood and willow. Hu Weiming, deputy director of the Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, said.

  The reporter observed that there are also many patients with pollen allergy in the dermatology department next to the Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology. "There will be about 20% more patients with allergic diseases in this season than in other seasons. There will be some small red rashes on the face with mild symptoms. The more serious patients even have swollen eyes and swollen mouths, mainly in the exposed parts." Tao Xiaohua, director of dermatology, told reporters.

Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Dermatology Clinic Zhejiang Online Reporter Li Xinyi photo

  From March to May every year, with the flowers in full bloom, people’s outdoor activities begin to increase. In a few days, they will enter the catkin season. How to prevent pollen allergy?

  Doctors in Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital reminded that the most important thing to prevent allergies is to reduce outdoor time and avoid contact with pollen that causes allergies. If you have to go out, it is recommended to wear long sleeves, masks, glasses or sunglasses to reduce the chance of contact with allergens. People who know that they are prone to pollen allergy can also take some anti-allergic drugs orally before going out. If you find allergic symptoms, you should seek medical advice in time.

FAW R&D Institute celebrates the 19th National Congress.

  Expectation article

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  The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and the main contradiction in our society has been transformed into the contradiction between the people’s growing need for a better life and the unbalanced development. This major judgment takes the people’s yearning for a better life as the goal and points out the direction for planning and promoting development in the new era.

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  As a pillar industry of the national economy, the automobile industry plays an important role in meeting people’s living needs, improving the quality of life and stimulating consumption aspirations. Under the background of the increasing production and sales volume in the automobile market and the share of independent brands, the employees of FAW R&D Institute face the challenges directly, continue to innovate in their independent journey, and are full of expectations and confidence in the future.

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  Video: [Let’s see what they say]

  In view of the new changes that have taken place in the R&D Institute after the reform, Jiang Wenhu, director of the Trial Institute of the R&D Institute, Cao Zhenglin, director of the CAE Institute, and Wang Lijun, director of the project management office, briefly explained the positioning of the core value chain, challenges and development direction in the future.

  "What I wanted to do before can now be done, especially the liberalization of institutional mechanisms has given us a lot of room for growth."

  —— Jiang Wenhu, director of the trial production institute

  Jiang Wenhu, director of the trial-production institute of the R&D Institute, said that the biggest feeling after the reform is that what I wanted to do before can now be done, and a market-oriented operation mode under the state-owned enterprises has basically been realized, especially the liberalization of institutional mechanisms has given us a lot of room for growth, which is of great help to stimulate the vitality of internal employees. After the reform, the pilot plant will play a greater role in connecting the preceding with the following. While undertaking the project tasks, it will complete the loading with good quality and quantity, which will provide good support for the next work of the experimental department. As the core department, the trial production institute will also focus on confidentiality related work according to the requirements of the chairman. In the future, the trial-production institute will help employees change their minds as soon as possible, stimulate their innovative and market-oriented thinking, further improve and optimize human resources, enhance the overall technological level and the influence of technical leaders, and act quickly to actively respond to the challenges brought about by increasingly fierce market competition.

  "Employee value must be reflected in the product development value chain. The remarkable feature after the reform is the equivalence of responsibility, right and benefit."

  —— CAE Zhenglin, Director of CAE Research Institute

  Cao Zhenglin, director of CAE Research Institute, said that the key point of this reform is to require employee value to be reflected in the product development value chain, and employee value is defined by President Xu Shili of R&D Institute as the value created by employees. On the other hand, the remarkable feature after the reform is the equivalence of responsibility, power and benefit.

  The core positioning of CAE research institute in the product development chain is the guarantee of two important properties, one is the safety performance of the whole vehicle, and the other is the stiffness and strength, fatigue and durability of the body, chassis and powertrain. According to the spirit of the chairman’s speech, CAE research institute should strive to realize the digital simulation of the whole process of product development and test, improve the ability of successful one-time design of products, and greatly reduce the product cycle. In order to meet the challenge of 24-month product development cycle, CAE research institute will focus on improving the CAE research and development capability of body durability and collision safety. On the one hand, by improving personnel ability and software and hardware equipment support ability, CAE automation development is accelerated, CAE simulation accuracy and digital simulation verification ability are improved; On the other hand, by going out and inviting in, we can benchmark the advanced technologies inside and outside the industry, transplant the best practice cases at home and abroad to our product development quickly, and further shorten our development cycle.

  After the reform, the work efficiency has been improved, the enthusiasm of employees has been obviously improved, and the feelings for independent career have been effectively stimulated.

  —— Wang Lijun, Director of Project Management Department

  Wang Lijun, director of the project management office, said that after the reform, he felt three changes: first, the work efficiency was improved; second, the enthusiasm of employees was obviously improved; third, the feelings for independent career were effectively stimulated. We always insist that the project management office should realize the whole process, the whole business field and the whole value chain project management. In this process, we should coordinate the internal and external resources to ensure the effective achievement of the project indicators. The focus of the development of the project management office is to further enhance the project management office’s deep understanding of the whole vehicle, its ability to identify customer needs and create the charm of the whole vehicle through two measures: professional knowledge learning and project management system, process, tools and methods in the fields of technology research and development, vehicle physical evaluation and commodity awareness, so as to meet future challenges.

  Reform article

  "Only reformers advance, only innovators are strong, and only those who reform and innovate win" is the main point that General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has emphasized on many formal occasions, and it has also become the strong voice of the times of the central reform and innovation achievements in recent years. Judging from the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it is the only way to solve the major contradictions in the new era. In order to adapt to the national situation, adjust the development direction of enterprises and carry out the reform to the end, FAW Group launched this top-down deepening personnel system reform on September 18th.

  The Technology Center is the first unit to deepen the reform of the Group Company, and it is also the most difficult and involves the widest number of personnel. Therefore, the leaders at all levels of the Group Company attach great importance to it, and at the same time, it has won the understanding and support of all employees.

  The R&D Institute established after the reform is mainly responsible for the development of Hongqi series vehicle products. At the same time, it is also responsible for the development of powertrain, basic platform, basic module, CAE, NVH, vehicle trial-production test and other fields of passenger car business of the group company.

  The leading idea of the future work of the R&D Institute is to develop competitive products as the main line, and all the resources of the Institute should also be inclined to this main line. To this end, we should pay close attention to project management, professional ability improvement and team work style construction.

  A total of 336 people were promoted in technical posts through post competition reform, and 7 chief engineers and 6 young post-85 directors were produced.

  The seven chief executives have outstanding professional abilities, achieved excellent results in various fields of the technical center and accumulated rich experience, which will definitely play a greater role in the research and development of Hongqi products in the future.

  And all the six post-80s employees were promoted directly to directors by ordinary employees, which indicates that the reform idea of younger cadres and preferred posts has achieved initial results and brought more development stages and opportunities to young people.

  In the process of reform, the leaders of the group company paid special attention to the technical personnel of the R&D Institute, and instructed the relevant leaders of the Group Reform Office to take the lead in interpreting the relevant incentive policies for the core technical backbone of the center, which enhanced everyone’s understanding of the reform policies and strengthened their confidence in future development.

  At present, the research and development institute presents a new atmosphere; The work attitude of "day-to-day settlement and day-to-day settlement" has been gradually developed in the work log of each employee; The working method of "quickly implementing and improving efficiency" has become a common practice in the "fast walking pace" of every employee. Now, all employees devote themselves to their own jobs with all their strength, breaking waves on the road of Red Flag revival with a brand-new work style, and facing difficulties.

Telecom fraud "next" on the epidemic beware of fake customer service fake App eyeing your wallet.

  "Hello, I am the official customer service of XXX. Seeing that you have a loan demand recently, we can help you apply for a loan amount of 30,000 yuan to 100,000 yuan. The next payment is fast, the procedures are simple and the interest is very low."

  This kind of "pie falling from the sky" has made many enterprises and individuals who are short of funds feel like "a long drought meets the rain", not to mention the reliable and formal customer service of large enterprises such as Zhongan Xinye, Jingdong Finance and Gitzo Finance. I think it is the welfare that these large enterprises responded to the call of the state to the people under the epidemic.

  Therefore, according to the guidance of "customer service", we added WeChat to facilitate the loan business. "Customer Service" sends a link, the user downloads an App, and then fills in the relevant loan information as required, just waiting for the loan to be approved.

  After a while, the "enthusiastic" "customer service" came to the news again: "Your account number of the receiving bank card is wrong, and the loan funds are frozen. You need to pay a deposit of 6,000 yuan to unfreeze it. Please do it quickly, otherwise you will not only repay the loan, but also report it to the credit bureau."

  The deposit was paid, but the loan on the promised day never came. What’s even more strange is that the WeChat was sent to the "customer service" and it was blacked out, and the call could not be reached.

  Obviously, the methods of telecom fraud have been upgraded closely with the hot spots: counterfeiting corporate customer service and using counterfeit apps, online "customer service" communicates with users and takes money from users, which is extremely confusing.

  Sun Xiaodong, director of the Cyber Crime Investigation Teaching and Research Section of China Criminal Police College, said in an interview with the reporter of Legal Daily recently that consumers should download apps from regular software stores, choose online services on regular platforms, and don’t be tempted by interests to take risks or trade illegally. "If you encounter fraud, you should report it to the police at the first time. Don’t be ashamed to talk about it, and don’t get entangled in the online platform, so as not to delay the opportunity to solve the case."

  Fraud accounts for nearly 60% of epidemic-related crimes.

  During the epidemic, criminals who committed telecom fraud were not idle.

  This can be understood from a set of data released by the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on April 8th: with the convenience and concealment of network communication, the number of fraud cases increased greatly during this epidemic. As of April 7th, the national procuratorial organs approved the arrest of 1,588 cases and 1,675 persons for fraud crimes, and prosecuted 881 cases and 926 persons, accounting for 58.4% and 47.3% of all epidemic-related criminal cases respectively.

  Why can fraud "squat" on the epidemic? Miao Shengming, director of the First Prosecutor’s Office of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, analyzed that there are many reasons for the high incidence of cases. One of them is that telecommunication network fraud is a crime that can be implemented without contact. Some criminals use the characteristics of online fraud to meet each other, making it easier to win the trust of victims. At the same time, this non-contact form makes criminals’ sense of morality and restraint decline and their luck psychology increase. In addition, the epidemic has made people stay at home and rely more on the Internet. Online shopping, online job hunting, online loans and home-based classes have become a new way of life for some people. Criminals take advantage of people’s inconvenient travel, eagerness to shop, job hunting or trust teachers during the epidemic, and the success rate of fraud is greatly improved.

  Sun Xiaodong observed that with the outbreak of the epidemic, some physical stores closed down, people chose online services more, and criminals took the opportunity to commit crimes.

  Xiao Xu who lives in Xiamen was unfortunately recruited. He spent 86 yuan to buy a mobile phone screen on the Internet, waiting left and right, but the courier didn’t come, and the call from the courier "customer service" came. He was told that the parcel was lost because of the staff’s mistake, and the courier company was willing to pay double indemnity 172 yuan.

  Since the attitude of the courier company is so good, Xiao Xu did not hesitate and added WeChat according to the request of the other party. After adding WeChat, the express "customer service" sent a verification code to Xiao Xu. After scanning, Xiao Xu successively filled in the bank card number and payment password as required. However, as soon as he reached the submission stage, his information showed that the system had timed out and could not be submitted several times in a row. "Customer Service" carefully helped him analyze the reasons. According to the solution given by "Customer Service", Xiao Xu inexplicably downloaded two online loan apps and registered them as members.

  But at this time, "customer service" disappeared, and Xiao Xu found out that "customer service" had borrowed 85,500 yuan and 33,500 yuan on the above two online loan apps through Xiao Xu’s bank card information. Fortunately, after Xiao Xu called the police, the case was broken.

  Fraud, pattern renovation, hard to prevent

  Xiao Xu’s experience is not a case. During the epidemic, telecom fraud methods emerged in an endless stream and were refurbished. The "Legal Daily" reporter combed recent related cases and found that there are mainly the following methods of telecom fraud:

  The first is to fake the official App of a company. In the name of a company, criminals claim to provide high rebate wealth management activities, loan lines, etc., to guide users to download fake apps, and "customer service" conducts capital transactions in fake apps or prompts "bank card error" and other information in the transaction, requiring users to pay extra money.

  The second is to cancel the campus loan. On the grounds of canceling student loans and campus loans, criminals demand to help users cancel quotas and accounts, and guide customers to operate loans to defraud funds by means of transfer.

  On April 1st, the anti-fraud center of Daxing Branch of Beijing Public Security Bureau announced a case of impersonating a customer service fraud of a large-scale network platform. The reason given by the fraudster was that "the state has rectified campus loans, and users must cancel the credit payment account registered during their college years, otherwise it will affect personal credit information", believing that Xiao Li, the real victim, was cheated out of 88,500 yuan.

  Shortly after Xiao Li graduated from college, he received a phone call claiming to be "official customer service" a while ago. The liar’s statement made Xiao Li feel very sudden. When hesitating, the other party accurately reported Xiao Li’s school, major and account opening time. Xiao Li believed it. He was worried that buying a house and a car would be affected in the future, so he quickly asked the other party about the cancellation method.

  The other party said that in order to cancel the account, we must first ensure that there is enough deposit in the bank account, and the deposit amount should be consistent with the account application amount. If the money is not enough, you can borrow from other loan platforms and then transfer to the bank card.

  Subsequently, according to the requirements of the other party, Xiao Li borrowed a total of 88,500 yuan from Alipay, Didi Chuxing and JD.COM Gold Bar respectively and transferred them to the designated account. However, the news of account cancellation did not come, and the other party lost contact.

  The Anti-Fraud Center of Daxing Branch reminded that there have been many scams like this this year. Many college students are not deeply involved in the world, easy to trust others and fall into the "routine loan" scam. Many employees who have not been to work for a long time will also be lured into a trap by "customer service" with identity information because they are not careful in registering accounts.

  The third is fraud in the name of account security. In the name of "official customer service" of a platform, criminals guide customers to add chat software, and after gaining customers’ trust, they induce customers to provide personal sensitive information such as ID number, verification code, bank card number and password, or transfer funds to designated accounts through WeChat.

  The fourth is after-sales fraud. On the grounds that there are quality problems in historical orders, criminals demand a refund or exchange goods for customers, or express that they want to send gifts, and there are abnormal express delivery, etc., they induce users to provide personal information, log in to fake websites or scan unknown QR codes for risky operations.

  The fifth is fraudulent text messages. The criminals send short messages to customers, which involve words such as withdrawal and loan, and contain links. After clicking, they ask users to fill in personal information or bank card information, resulting in financial losses; The content of the text message sent does not contain words related to a company, but after the user’s bank card information is defrauded, the scammer uses the customer’s bank card information to make a transaction in a company’s App.

  The sixth is to brush the bill. Customers take the initiative to participate, or are lured by lawless elements to participate in the billing and credit, and promise to return the full amount and give customers a certain percentage of commission. After the customers cooperate with the operation, the merchants fail to perform the contract.

  In addition, there are other "niche" fraud methods.

  Cooperation between police and enterprises to control fraud has achieved remarkable results

  How to control the stubborn disease of telecom fraud?

  In Sun Xiaodong’s view, during the epidemic, the public security organs always made every effort to crack down on online fraud crimes, and major online platforms also fully cooperated with the public security organs to provide case clues, which has proved to be positive and effective.

  In the case of Xiao Xu in Xiamen, the cooperation between police and enterprises has achieved positive results. It is understood that Jingdong Finance relies on advanced financial technology strength, rich experience in attack and defense of black products, and industry-leading all-round risk management system, and uses anti-fraud algorithms such as AI black technology "risk control super brain" relationship network, knowledge map and neural network to monitor abnormal behavior in real time, assess credit risk, and successfully help the police lock and arrest suspects.

  Obviously, the technical advantages of the Internet platform are obvious, and a joint effort with the police to combat fraud will get twice the result with half the effort. According to the relevant person in charge of Jingdong Finance, for a long time, online telecom fraud has caused serious reputational impact and economic losses to enterprises. Jingdong Finance has continuously invested resources, and has been working hard to combat these illegal acts. Combining with the existing scientific and technological means, it has given full play to its own technological advantages and independently developed a number of intelligent risk control systems, which are used to identify suspicious transactions and provide early warning in time to ensure the information security of customer accounts in an all-round way.

  "Communicate with the police at any time about the detected fraud involving our company, actively cooperate with the police to effectively crack down on illegal activities such as online telecom fraud from the source of the crime, and practice corporate social responsibility to contribute to protecting the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and purifying the online business environment. At the same time, in order to give consumers better safety education and risk warning, JD Finance has set up a consumer rights protection department to provide users with the most cutting-edge anti-fraud knowledge on a regular basis through online and offline channels such as WeChat, Weibo and entering the campus, so as to improve users’ prevention of telecom networks. The person in charge said.

  Indeed, it is very important for users to improve their anti-fraud awareness and safety awareness. Experts in the industry pointed out that it is difficult to investigate the responsibility of the online lending platform because such cases are caused by the user’s personal independent behavior. On the one hand, users should pay attention to personal privacy and information protection. On the other hand, when they encounter similar phone calls involving money, they must pay more attention to it and verify it in many ways, such as calling the official phone number of the relevant platform or consulting professionals, instead of doing relevant operations according to the requirements of fraudsters in a hurry. If you are defrauded, you must pay attention to retaining and collecting relevant evidence materials and call the police in time. (Reporter Zhang Wei)

Strengthening the Party’s Armed Forces of Innovation Theory (People’s Forum)

  In 1938, a 17-year-old young woman walked more than 1,000 kilometers from Beijing to northern Shaanxi with 5 yuan. Her heart was deeply touched: "In the summer evening, the horse galloped briskly, and I felt all this was so novel and mysterious!" " Shine the light of truth and forge lofty beliefs, so that Yan ‘an led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) is like a huge magnetic field.

  Today, one of the data in the white paper "China Youth in the New Era" is impressive: "Since The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, party member, who is 35 years old and under, has accounted for more than 80% of the newly developed party member every year." Facts have proved that our party has always been full of vigor and vitality and has become more and more attractive to young people.

  Why does a century-old party remain youthful and energetic forever? A revolutionary who holds the truth is always young. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out in the party’s Report to the 20th CPC National Congress: "It is the fundamental task of the party’s ideological construction to arm the whole party with the party’s innovative theory." Recently, at the work conference on studying and implementing the theme education of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era of the Supreme Leader, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "we should take this theme education as an opportunity to strengthen the Party’s innovative theory, constantly improve the Marxist level of the whole Party, and constantly improve the Party’s ruling ability and leadership level".

  The fire of truth ignites lofty ideals. Li Dazhao once said: "The highest ideal in life lies in seeking truth." The revolutionary ideal is higher than the sky. When he was in prison, Xia Minghan, 28, was unyielding and wrote a letter to his wife: "Insist on the revolution and follow my ambition, and swear to spread the truth to others!" Because of longing for the truth, pursuing the truth and defending the truth, revolutionary pioneers and people with lofty ideals "although thousands of people have gone" and "although they died nine times, they still have no regrets."

  真理之光,照亮奋进征程。犹记庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上,共青团员和少先队员代表集体致献词:“古老的中华大地诞生了中国共产党,播撒信仰的火种,点亮真理的强光”。从石库门到天安门,从兴业路到复兴路,中国共产党人始终坚持真理、坚守理想,把握历史主动、锚定奋斗目标,沿着正确方向坚定前行。一以贯之地坚持真理、修正错误,崇仰理想、坚定信念,是这个百年大党的魅力所在。

  大道如砥,行者无疆。实践告诉我们,中国共产党为什么能,中国特色社会主义为什么好,归根到底是马克思主义行,是中国化时代化的马克思主义行。马克思主义是科学真理,如燧石一般,受到的敲打越厉害,发射出的光辉就越灿烂。回首过往的奋斗路,无论是处于顺境还是逆境,我们党从未动摇对马克思主义的信仰。坚持用马克思主义中国化时代化最新成果武装全党、指导实践、推动工作,是我们党创造历史、成就辉煌的一条重要经验。

  Adhering to the guidance and arming with scientific theory is the fundamental guarantee for Marxist political parties to keep their advanced nature and purity forever, and it is also the political advantage of our party. In the new era, the complexity of the situation, the severity of the struggle, and the arduous task of reform, development and stability faced by the Party and the country are rare in the world and history. It is precisely because of the establishment of the core position of the Party Central Committee and the Party as the supreme leader and the guiding position of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era that the Party has effectively solved the outstanding contradictions and problems that have affected the Party’s long-term governance, the country’s long-term stability and the people’s happiness and well-being, and fundamentally ensured that the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has entered an irreversible historical process. Studying and implementing the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era is the fundamental requirement for the new era and new journey to create a new situation in career development. On the way forward, we must adhere to the integration of learning, thinking and application, and the unity of knowing, believing and doing, and turn the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era into a powerful force to strengthen ideals, temper party spirit, guide practice and promote work.

  The wind is strong and the spring tide is strong. Passing through yesterday’s "majestic road is like iron", forging ahead in today’s "the right path on earth is vicissitudes" and looking forward to tomorrow’s "I will mount a long wind some day and break the heavy waves", the grand goal of building a strong country and rejuvenating the nation is inspiring and inspiring, and our generation of communist party people have a glorious mission and great responsibility. On the new journey, we will strengthen our political consciousness, ideological consciousness and action consciousness, learn and understand Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought as the supreme leader in the new era, adhere to and make good use of the stand, viewpoint and method that runs through it, and implement this thought in all aspects of the work of the party and the state, and we will certainly be able to write a new chapter of the times and create new historical achievements.

Basic Biology of Macrophages: From Origin to Function

Written by: immune meow with picky eaters

Source: gossip Immunology

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Macrophages (English name: Macrophages, abbreviated M) are immune cells widely distributed in blood and tissues of the whole body.Macrophages can devour and kill intracellular parasites, bacteria, tumor cells, as well as self-aging and abnormal cells, and play an important role in immune defense, immune homeostasis and immune monitoring.Macrophages are a kind of phagocytes and belong to monocyte system.
 
Macrophages have been a hot research object for a long time because of their diversity and heterogeneity in tissue distribution.
 

one

The origin of macrophages
 

The evolution of species diversity and struggle for existence have produced a complex host defense system, which relies on natural immunity, first single-celled eukaryotes, and then adaptive immunity in tissues and developing eukaryotes. Natural immunity was first expounded at the end of 19th century, and Elie Metchnikoff introduced the word "macrophage", which means "macro = big and phage = eater”。 Monocytes/macrophages are a small group of white blood cells determined by their location, phenotype, morphology and gene expression profile.

Monocytes account for 4-10% of nucleated cells in normal peripheral blood. In blood, the half-life of monocytes is less than 20 hours. For many years, it has been assumed that macrophages are completely differentiated from circulating monocytes, but the recent morphological and functional differences between these cells refute this hypothesis.

Recent research evidence shows that macrophages in most adult tissues are sown before birth, and during embryonic development, they are transferred from.yolk sacIt has the ability of self-renewal and is maintained independently of monocytes. In addition,Each organ has its own unique combination of embryos and adult macrophages..

Embryonic macrophages participate in tissue reconstruction, while adult macrophages mainly assist host defense. In addition to these differences, we also observed that embryonic macrophages and adult macrophages coexist in many different organs.

2

Tissue distribution of different macrophages   

According to their anatomical location and functional phenotype, macrophages can be divided intoMicroglial cellosteoclastpm, spleen tissue cells and interstitial connective tissue, liver interstitial connective tissue and kupffer cells.

There are also different types of macrophages in the intestine, which have different phenotypes and functions, but work together to maintain tolerance to normal intestinal flora and oral antigens.

There are also different numbers of macrophages in the secondary lymphoid organs, including macrophages in the marginal area of spleen, which inhibit the natural immunity and adaptive immunity to apoptotic cells, and sinus macrophages under the capsule of lymph nodes, which remove the virus in lymph and start the antiviral immune response.

differentMacrophages exist in immune immune immune sites., such as the brain, eyes and testicles, these parts are inTissue remodelinganddynamic balancePlay a central role. These tissue-specific macrophages devour dead cells, debris, foreign antigens and materials, organize the inflammatory process, and recruit more macrophages as needed.

three

Plasticity and polarization
 

Macrophages are remarkable plastic cells, which can be obtained fromConversion from one phenotype to another.. Macrophage polarization is a process. Macrophages show specific phenotypes and make functional responses to microenvironment stimuli and signals encountered in each specific tissue.

Local cytokine environment can localize macrophage polarization. The two subsets of macrophages with different functions include classic activated or inflammatory (M1) and alternately activated or anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. This phenomenon of these two different M1/M2 phenotypes is called.Macrophage polarization.

M1 macrophageIt is usually induced by the recognition of Th1 cytokines (such as IFN-γ and T NF-α) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These macrophages produce and secrete high levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23 and COX-2, while the level of IL-10 is low.

Functionally, M1 macrophages participate in the elimination of pathogens during infection by activating nicotinamide adenine phosphodinucleotide (NADPH) oxidase system and then producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, M1 macrophages have strong anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities, mediating tissue damage caused by reactive oxygen species, damaging tissue regeneration and wound healing. In order to prevent this kind of tissue damage, the anti-inflammatory effect of M2 macrophages inhibits the chronic inflammatory reaction by regulating the mechanism.

M2 macrophageSTAT6 is activated by IL-4 receptor α(IL-4Rα) and polarized by Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, which has anti-inflammatory effect. Besides IL-4 and IL-13, cytokines such as IL-10 can also regulate M2 polarization by activating STAT 3 through IL-10 receptor (IL-10 R).

IL-33It is a cytokine related to Th2 in IL-1 family and can induce M2 polarization. It is characterized by up-regulating arginase-1(arg-1), CCL 17 and CCL 24, thus mediating pulmonary eosinophilia and airway inflammation.

IL-21It is another Th2-related cytokine that drives M2 polarization. M2 macrophages have the characteristics of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are characterized by low production of IL-12 and high production of IL-10 and TGF-β.

Functionally, M2 macrophages have strong phagocytosis, which can remove debris and apoptotic cells, promote tissue repair and wound healing, and promote angiogenesis and fibrosis. Therefore, generally speaking, M2 cells participate in Th2 response and parasite clearance, inhibit inflammation, promote tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, immune regulation, tumor formation and progress.

However, the M1/M2 phenotype does not reflect different phenotypic subsets of macrophages. According to the activation stimulus received, M2 macrophages can be further divided into four types.M2A, M2B, M2C and M2DDifferent subgroups of the composition.

M2aMacrophage subsets can be induced by IL-4 and IL-13, producing high levels of CD206, bait receptor IL-1 receptor II(IL-RII) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA).

Immune complex (ICs) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists or IL-1 receptor ligands can induce M2b subgroup.M2bMacrophages simultaneously produce anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6 and α-α.

M2cCells were induced by glucocorticoid and IL-10, and showed strong anti-inflammatory effect on apoptotic cells by releasing a large amount of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β.

Finally, TLR agonist induced the fourth M2 macrophage through adenosine receptor agonist.M2d.

The activated receptor of adenosine then inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, induces anti-inflammatory secretion of cytokines (high IL-10, low IL-12) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEG F), thus providing a drug withTumor associated macrophages (TAMS)The angiogenic characteristics of the characteristic. M2 macrophages exposed to M1 signal, or conversely, induced differentiated macrophages to "repolarize" or "reprogram" is another evidence that they have high functional plasticity and can potentially pursue therapeutic goals.

four

hugeMigration of phagocytes

Monocytes and macrophages migrate to the site of inflammation or injury to eliminate the initial inflammatory signal and ultimately promote wound healing and tissue repair.

This process is mainly initiated by pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs) (released from invasive pathogens) and damage-related molecular patterns (DAMPs) (released from damaged or dead cells to cope with infection and injury).

In addition, antigen can activate memory T cells in tissues through secretion.manyInflammatory cytokines and chemokines are used to trigger the recruitment of macrophages. Chemokines directly participate in the migration and activation of monocytes through endothelium, and monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 (MCP-1) is a monocyte chemotactic factor, which participates in the occurrence of inflammation and induces monocyte chemotaxis and migration by interacting with CC chemotactic factor 2(CCR2) on monocytes. MCP-1 is mainly secreted by activated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), monocytes and T cells. MCP-1, together with IL-8 or CXC ligand -8(CXCL-8), can trigger the firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelial cells under blood flow conditions. Monocyte adhesion and migration across endothelium through activated venule wall is a basic immune response, which depends on the expression of adhesion molecules of chemical mediators on the surface of vein endothelium.

These adhesion molecules belong to four families:SelectinIntegrinImmunoglobulin superfamilyandMucin-like glycoprotein.

five

Antigen presentation

Antigen presenting cells, mainly macrophages, are the outposts of the immune system that starts and regulates immune response. An important feature of macrophage biology is the capture, endocytosis and expression of self or foreign antigens, which providesThe connection between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

Macrophages reside in surrounding organs, where they monitor surrounding tissues for invading pathogens. They alert the immune system to the presence of pathogens by engulfing them, processing their antigens and presenting peptide fragments that bind to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. After antigen treatment, macrophages migrate to T cells and stimulate them. Activated macrophages express high levels of costimulatory molecules and antigen presenting molecules on their surfaces, such as CD 80, CD 86 and MHCⅠ ⅰ and ⅱ molecules. Mixed Leukocyte/Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) is used as a basic test for determining the function of macrophages, because it measures the proliferation ability of macrophages to allogeneic T cell populations.

six

Production of cytokine and chemokines

Interleukin is a kind of cytokine, which is involved in inducing adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), angiogenic factors and signal pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kB) and signal transduction and transcription activator (STAS) involved in tumor invasion and angiogenesis.

Activation of M1 macrophages can induce proinflammatory cytokines., including TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18 and IL-23; Produce nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNS;; Antigen presentation; Expression of CC chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5; Promoting T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses provides an effective mechanism for killing.

Obviously, M1 and M2 macrophages have different chemokine profiles, while M1 macrophages expressing Th1 cell chemokines, such as CXCL9 and CXCL10.

M2 macrophages express chemokines.CCL17, CCL18, CCL22 and CCL 24. M1 macrophages express inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and together with costimulatory molecules CD 40, CD 80 and CD 86, they up-regulate MHCⅡ class II molecules to promote cytotoxic adaptive immunity.

M1 macrophages express Th1- and Th17- polarized cytokines IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and Th1- aggregation chemokines CXCL 9, CXCL 10 and CXCL 11. On the contrary, M2 macrophages support the resolution of inflammation by transferring gene expression to anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10, TGF-β, IL-1R1Ⅱ and IL-1Ra. M2 macrophages also express a large number of endogenous receptors, including scavenger receptor CD 163, stabilizer -1 and type C lectin receptor CD 206, CD 301, Dectin-1 and CD 209. In addition, M2 macrophages recruit Th2, regulatory T cells (Tregs), eosinophils and basophils by secreting chemokines such as CCL 17, CCL 18, CCL 22 and CCL 24..

seven

Macrophage apoptosis

Apoptosis is a normal, physiological and necessary process of cell selection and survival, eliminating and removing unnecessary cells, such as aging, damaged, genetic mutation and virus-infected cells; In fact, anti-apoptosis can promote malignant transformation of normal cells.

At present, it is known that macrophage apoptosis is related to various stages of the disease related to the decline of pathogen activity, which can be regarded as a natural immune defense mechanism and strategy for the host to limit infection against intracellular pathogens.

On the contrary, many cellsPathogens have the ability to kill infected cells., destroy the host pathway, inhibit cell apoptosis, leading to necrosis. This strategy can makePathogens escape the host’s immunity and infect other nearby or distant cells.. These apoptotic infected cells also provide a link between innate immunity and acquired immunity. When professional APCs absorb apoptotic vesicles, this connection begins when bacterial products and pathogenic antigens enhance T cell activation. Similarly,Pathogens inhibit apoptosis and promote necrosis.It also impairs the presentation of bacterial antigens, which may be the mechanism of immune escape.

In atherosclerosis, macrophages die by reducing the number of cells in the lesion, which is beneficial to reduce the lesion area. In the progress of atherosclerosis and other diseases, the phagocytosis of M2 macrophages solves the problem of apoptosis and its adverse effects. This unique functional feature of M2 macrophage is caused byHigh level of scavenger receptorExpress support.

Macrophages phagocytize debris, injured cells, dead cells and apoptotic cells, and inhibit macrophages from producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin -1β, interleukin -6 and interleukin -8. The mechanism involves autocrine or paracrine of transforming growth factor -β(TGF-β), thus inhibiting further recruitment of monocytes and macrophages.

In addition, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory IL-12, IL-23 and IL-27 and stimulates the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10.

By limiting the phagocytosis of local inflammation, it can also protect tissues from harmful pro-inflammatory reactions, death, injury and the immunogenic content of dead cells, and throughNecrosis after apoptosis to protect the growth of lesions.

In the late stage of atherosclerosis, the phagocytic function of apoptotic cells is seriously damaged, which leads to the aggregation of macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, which eventually blocks the decomposition of inflammation and promotes local necrosis, inflammatory state and plaque instability.

Understanding the exact mechanism of pathogen inhibiting apoptosis can avoid natural immunity and adaptive immunity, which provides a new strategy for optimizing treatment. The idea of manipulating the host or bacterial pathway to induce more cell apoptosis, "apoptosis-promoting therapy", may help to produce a more effective immune response.

eight

Macrophage metabolism

Recent evidence shows that metabolism plays an important role in the formation of macrophages and the obvious polarization phenotype. Under normal, physiological and pathological conditions, macrophages face an oxygen gradient.Macrophages adapt to hypoxia by shifting their metabolic pathways to glycolysis.. In addition, the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)-1 and -2 caused profound functional changes, including the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors, such as CXC chemokine 4(CXCR 4), CXCL 12, angiogenesis factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(Biswas and Mantovani, 2012; Orihuela et al., 2016). Therefore, macrophages help to coordinate the response of tissues to oxygen gradient and hypoxia conditions.

Macrophages M1 and M2 can obviously regulate the metabolism of glucose, amino acids, iron and folic acid.After macrophage activation, its metabolic pathway changes from oxidation to glycolysis.solve. Under the action of M1 stimuli (such as LPS, Th1 cytokines and IL-12), they showed a metabolic transformation to anaerobic glycolytic pathway, while M2 stimuli (such as IL-4 and IL-13) had little effect. Macrophages activated by IFN-γ and L-PS are often associated with acute infection, so it is necessary to trigger strong antimicrobial activity quickly in hypoxic microenvironment. In this case, the anaerobic process such as glycolysis is the best way when energy is needed. Interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide strongly induce glucose uptake and inhibit fatty acid uptake and oxidation. Therefore, glycolysis metabolism is enhanced and mitochondrial activity is decreased.

On the contrary,M2 macrophage functions, such as wound healing and tissue repair, need continuous energy supply.. This requirement is made byGlucose oxidative metabolism and fatty acid oxidationProvided, andFatty acid oxidation is the most important metabolic pathway of M2 macrophages.. M2 macrophage has the characteristics of high mitochondrial activity and oxidative phosphorylation. They show enhanced respiratory activity based on fatty acid β oxidation. Both metabolic pathways are up-regulated in the process of macrophage activation, but glycolysis is the main metabolic pathway, which can produce DNA and cell membrane synthesis substrates and promote the growth and differentiation of monocytes. It is another possibility of glycolytic metastasis of M1 macrophages to produce rapid and optimal response at the infected site.

In addition, the accumulation of citric acid in M1 macrophages is essential for the production of pro-inflammatory mediators NO, ROS, RNS and prostaglandin. Another important aspect is the metabolism of amino acids closely related to the functional phenotype of macrophages. M1 macrophages are characterized by the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).The production of NO is an important anti-microbial effect. M1 macrophages are active, while M2 macrophages do not produce NO.. On the contrary, they express high levels of Arg-1 and play a role in catalyzing the production of polyamines, which are necessary for collagen synthesis, cell proliferation, fibrosis and other tissue remodeling functions. Interestingly, the production of polyamines is reported to be the driving factor of M2 polarization.

In addition, there are significant differences in iron metabolism between M1 and M2 macrophages. Although M1 macrophages express a large number of iron storage proteins, such as ferritin, the content of iron porphyrin they express is low, and ferritin is the export of iron. Compared with M1 type macrophages, M2 type macrophages have lower ferritin content, but higher ferritin content. This different iron metabolism may be related to its function. Because iron is necessary to support the growth of bacteria, the retention of iron in M1 macrophages is a kind of bacteriostasis and supports the host’s protection against infection. On the contrary, the iron released by M2 macrophages is beneficial to tissue repair, but it can cause tumor growth and metastasis.

Metabolic adaptation is an important aspect of macrophage polarization and its functional activities.

nine

MicroRNA involved in macrophage polarization

MicroRNA plays an important role in many aspects of macrophage biology, thus affecting many biological and pathological conditions, such as monocyte differentiation and development, macrophage polarization, infection, atherosclerosis, tumor growth, inflammatory activation, cholesterol homeostasis, cell survival and proliferation, and phagocytosis.

MiRNA-24, miRNA-30b, miRNA-142-3p and miRNA-199a-5p can inhibit the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages.

M1 macrophage polarizationMiRNA-125, miRNA-146, miRNA-155, miRNA-7a/f and miRNA-378 are needed, andM2 polarizationThen miRNA-let-7c/e, miRNA-9, miRNA-21, miRNA-146, miRNA-147, miRNA-187 and miRNA-223 are needed.

In addition, miRNA-342-5p promotes NO synthesis, and IL-6 provides pro-inflammatory signals for macrophages. Although miR-21 has been proved to have both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, its anti-inflammatory effect is more prominent. MiR-155 and miR-142-3p inhibited the proliferation of macrophages compared with let-7a. MiR-155 can promote and prevent apoptosis at the same time, while miR-21 and let-7e negatively regulate the apoptosis of macrophages.

Main references

Abbas Shapouri Moghaddam,doi:10.1002/jcp.26429,2018

Thomas A. Wynn,Nature,doi:10.1038/nature12034,2013

Nicole J. Horwood,Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol,doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8519-2

Ministry of Agriculture: Accelerate the development of agricultural producer services and consolidate the foundation of modern agriculture.

On September 19th, the Information Office of the Ministry of Agriculture held a press conference on the Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Agricultural Producer Services (hereinafter referred to as the Opinions). Zhang Hongyu, director of the Department of Rural Economic System and Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, introduced the situation of agricultural producer services and answered questions from reporters. Xu Zhengbin, deputy inspector of the Department of Agricultural Economics of the National Development and Reform Commission, attended the conference.

The reporter learned from the press conference that in recent years, with the in-depth development of modern agriculture, the agricultural producer service industry has accelerated its development, and various service organizations have flourished, with the number exceeding 1.15 million. The service areas cover various industries such as planting, animal husbandry and fishery, and various service methods such as whole-process custody, farming and planting, and joint farming and planting have emerged.

"Who will plant the land" and "How to plant the land well"

Zhang Hongyu said that accelerating the development of agricultural producer services is of great strategic significance for promoting the development of moderate-scale operation and promoting the structural reform of agricultural supply side.

In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China’s industrialization and urbanization have been deeply promoted, and a large number of rural laborers have moved into cities. In 2016, the total number of migrant workers has reached 281 million. "Who will plant the land" and "How to plant the land well" have become a highly concerned issue of the whole society.

Under this background, the central government proposes to accelerate the development of various forms of moderate scale operation and give play to its leading role in modern agricultural construction. To this end, in 2014, the central government issued the Opinions on Guiding the Orderly Circulation of Rural Land Management Rights and Developing Moderate Scale Operation of Agriculture, in 2016, the Opinions on Improving the Separation Method of Rural Land Ownership, Contracting Rights and Management Rights, and this year, the Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Policy System and Cultivating New Agricultural Management Subjects. Starting with the reform of rural land system and management system, on the one hand, we will promote the transfer of land management rights, cultivate new agricultural management entities, realize centralized scale management of land, and solve the problem of "who will plant the land".

On the other hand, we should focus on developing agricultural productive services, cultivating new agricultural service subjects and realizing centralized scale operation of services to solve the problem of "how to plant good land".

In recent years, the accelerated development of agricultural producer services has played an increasingly important role in better introducing ordinary farmers into the development track of modern agriculture and building a modern agricultural industrial system, production system and management system. At the same time, because China’s agricultural producer service industry is still in the early stage of development, the problems of small service organizations and weak driving force for ordinary farmers are still outstanding, especially with the large reduction of rural labor force and the increasingly prominent aging phenomenon, there are more and more things that one household can’t do, can’t do well and can’t do well. It is urgent to speed up the cultivation of various service organizations and vigorously develop agricultural producer services for the majority of farmers.

"Who serves" and "How to serve well"

When answering a reporter’s question, Zhang Hongyu said that all kinds of new agricultural business entities have the function of providing services for farmers and themselves, but their positioning is different.

The new business entities of agriculture are diversified, with various forms of expression. Generally speaking, there are about four categories: the first category, 877,000 family farms. Secondly, there are now 1.93 million farmers’ cooperatives, including both production cooperatives and service cooperatives. In the third category, there are 417,000 industrialized management organizations, including 130,000 leading enterprises. The fourth category, 1.15 million social service organizations. In practice, these four subjects, on the one hand, directly engage in agricultural production and management, and also provide related services for others. Different subjects have different division of labor and orientation in modern agriculture, and family farms have clear property rights, clear boundaries and low transaction costs, which are most suitable for direct agricultural production activities. To help farmers, especially the disadvantaged farmers, cooperatives are a good organizational form, in which everyone can achieve win-win and common development. In order to promote the structural adjustment of agriculture and focus on the structural reform of supply side, especially to provide more high-end agricultural products, differentiated agricultural products and branded agricultural products that meet the consumption needs of urban and rural residents, it is necessary to cultivate and strengthen leading enterprises. The orientation of socialized service organizations is to provide all kinds of productive services and promote agricultural cost saving and efficiency improvement. Based on the functional orientation of different subjects, we should give full play to their respective comparative advantages, promote the diversified interaction, complementary functions and integrated development of all subjects, and lay a solid organizational foundation for promoting the development of agricultural producer services.

Regarding the service field of agricultural producer services, Zhang Hongyu said that agricultural producer services is a brand-new concept, and the Opinions focus on the whole agricultural industrial chain from the field to the dining table, covering all the related service contents of production links, and should become an independent and complete industry.

First, agricultural market information service. Including the trend of industrial development, price trend, structural adjustment, etc., ordinary farmers and new business entities are more concerned about these issues. Second, agricultural resources supply services. Including the supply of improved varieties, fertilizers and pesticides, and how seedlings and breeding animals can meet the needs of ordinary farmers and new business entities is the second big problem to be solved. Third, agricultural green production technical services. From the perspective of input and production process, we can no longer blindly increase input and only pursue output as in the past. What we are pursuing now is quality and green development, so production technology should focus on green development. Fourth, agricultural waste resource utilization services. With the development of agriculture today, environmental protection and waste disposal are very difficult issues. It used to be called harmless treatment of waste, but now it is called resource utilization. How to effectively solve the problem of resource utilization of agricultural wastes also requires us to provide effective services. Fifth, agricultural machinery operation and maintenance services. The use of agricultural machinery, including maintenance issues, has put forward more and more requirements from ordinary farmers and the vast number of new business entities. Now, from the perspective of agricultural machinery development, how to extend from grain, cotton and oil agricultural products to cash crops and from field crops to characteristic crops, including how to develop small agricultural machinery in hilly areas, mountainous areas and southern water network areas, are all in front of us. Therefore, agricultural machinery operations, including maintenance services, have become a very urgent problem in practice. Sixth, the primary processing service of agricultural products. For example, corn and wheat are harvested and simply processed into flour.Making rice from rice, these initial processing links, especially the storage and transportation links, including the use of cold chain facilities, have put forward many requirements in practice. Finally, agricultural products marketing services. China’s farmers are now very productive, but it is more difficult for ordinary farmers to sell them and sell them at a good price. Therefore, marketing services are very important. For example, how to help farmers to market and build relevant platforms so that the goods produced by farmers can flow smoothly is more urgent than the production links, and it needs the help of the government, including diversified service organizations.

Let ordinary farmers have a sense of gain

In response to a reporter’s question about what specific measures the NDRC has to support the development of agricultural producer services, Xu Zhengbin said that the NDRC has actively cooperated with the Ministry of Agriculture and combined with its own functions, mainly doing two things: First, strengthening support and guidance at the policy level. Since 2015, the National Development and Reform Commission has taken the lead in drafting documents such as Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Integrated Development of the Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries in Agriculture, Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Cold Chain Logistics to Ensure Food Safety and Promote Consumption Upgrade, and Outline for the Innovative Development of Service Industry (2017-2025), which clearly put forward that it is necessary to accelerate the development of agricultural producer services and enhance the service industry’s supporting and leading ability to transform agricultural development mode and accelerate the development of modern agriculture. The second is to increase support at the financial level. Strengthening the construction of agricultural science and technology service capacity is mainly to support the construction of local towns and villages, including regional grass-roots agricultural technology service system. Strengthen the construction of agricultural products circulation system and further increase the support for the construction of cold chain logistics system. Actively support the resource utilization of agricultural wastes, and support various professional service organizations to carry out the comprehensive utilization of sick and dead livestock, residual film and manure, including the "three residues" of agriculture and forestry. In the next step, the National Development and Reform Commission will actively combine the construction of relevant projects in the fields of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, including the formulation of relevant policies, and cooperate with the Ministry of Agriculture to further support and promote the development of agricultural producer services.

In response to a reporter’s question about how to respond to the demand of various new agricultural business entities, especially farmers, for agricultural productive services, Zhang Hongyu stressed that the purpose of the Opinions is to serve new agricultural business entities, especially ordinary farmers, and to persist in serving agricultural farmers and make them get benefits in the process of policy implementation.

In May this year, the Central Committee’s "Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Policy System and Cultivating New Agricultural Business Entities" clearly stated that relevant policies should not only focus on new business entities, but also focus on new business entities to drive ordinary farmers, help farmers, improve farmers and wealthy farmers. The 260 million farmers in China are the foundation of our country’s food security and the supply of important agricultural products. Don’t forget this group at any time. Therefore, in the process of issuing the Opinions, the guiding ideology, basic principles, relevant contents and work requirements all focus on serving ordinary farmers. It is clearly stated in the guiding ideology that ordinary farmers should be introduced into the development track of modern agriculture through producer services. One of the four principles is called service agriculture and farmers, and what kind of support should be given to ordinary farmers in seven service areas. In short, helping ordinary farmers, improving farmers and enriching farmers is the starting point of all policies and the starting point of issuing this document. In the next step, special emphasis should be placed on supporting ordinary farmers in the implementation of the document. In other words, modern agriculture can’t fall behind ordinary farmers, so ordinary farmers should have a sense of gain, participation and promotion to achieve the goal of common prosperity. (Reporter Hu Ranran)

How many levels are there in a double line? Introduction to the double line level.

There are 37 levels in a double trip. Please follow me to continue reading the detailed levels.

Chapter I There are five small passes in the shack.

Chapter 2 There are five small passes in the tree.

Third, the third level Ross’s room has ten small levels.

Chapter IV The cuckoo clock has three small passes.

Chapter V Snow Ball has four levels.

Chapter VI There are five small passes in the garden.

Chapter VII There are five small levels in the attic, and the last one is the grand finale of the whole article.

Highlights of the World Buddhist Forum: Jet Li and other star believers are chased

  Xinhuanet Wuxi, Jiangsu, March 28th (Reporter Gui Tao, Li Jianmin, Shi Yonghong) The 2nd World Buddhist Forum opened on the 28th in the Fan Palace in Lingshan, Wuxi, Jiangsu. More than 1,700 eminent monks, great virtues, experts, scholars and celebrities from nearly 50 countries and regions at home and abroad feel the "harmony of all people" together.


  Different languages, the same "Lotus"


  Although the language used by the eminent monk Dade at home and abroad is different, and many people wear simultaneous interpretation headphones provided by the forum, this does not hinder their communication. Smiling and folded hands are enough to transcend any language barrier.


  Under the huge dome decorated with more than a thousand lotus lanterns, Master Xingyun, a Taiwan Province monk, delivered a speech in Mandarin with a slight accent of Jiangsu, the 11th Qoigyi Gyaibo delivered a speech at the conference in English, and Sri Lankan officials read a congratulatory message in Sinhala …


  "When the three elders poured holy water from all over the world into huge golden lotus flowers to pray for the world, language was no longer an obstacle, and I felt empathy with all other Buddhists present." Frank alm, a Buddhist from Germany, said.


  "Star-level" Buddhist believers


  In addition to the eminent monks and great virtues, Jet Li, Li Ning, Yu Minhong and other "star-rated" Buddhist believers, as well as many other film stars and well-known businessmen attending the meeting, have also become the targets of the reporters on the spot.


  Pan Shiyi, a well-known businessman, said when he entered the venue that he came to attend the World Buddhist Forum mainly to learn from the eminent monks, and he "cares about all topics and wants to learn everything".


  Six-year-olds, an actor wearing beads, said, "I have met many long-lost old friends and many eminent monks and virtues in this forum. The topic of concern this time is the relationship between art and Buddhism." A six-year-old boy who became famous for playing the Monkey King said that it is more effective to express the theme of Buddhism through art forms that people like to see and hear than just to preach the truth.


  "Walking into the Vatican Palace for the first time is like going home."


  When Da De, a monk attending the meeting, walked into the main venue of Wuxi, the World Buddhist Forum, they were all shocked by this magnificent building. Many monks took out their mobile phones and video cameras, and took photos in front of exquisite and elegant Ou Su relief murals and magnificent oil paintings.


  Shi Xiuan, director of the Hong Kong Buddhist Federation and head of the Focijing Temple in Hong Kong, took photos in front of the murals of Buddha statues as a souvenir. She said: "The Vatican Palace is very solemn, and its internal carvings and decorations are very modern. It will be greatly shocked to come to the venue."


  Shiloh, a Sri Lankan monk who is taking a photo with a friend from China, said: "This palace is solemn and modern, and there is one in my hometown, Sri Lanka. Coming here makes me feel like going home."

Editor: Zhao Deli

Pre-sale price 16-200,000 Changan Mazda’s first new energy sedan EZ-6 starts pre-sale

On September 28, Changan Mazda MAZDA EZ-6 officially started pre-sale, launching two power forms of extended range and pure electric models, with a pre-sale price of 16-200,000. The pre-sale exclusive rights are limited to the first 10,000 units, including the next order of Zhiya version models with a limited-time upgrade value of 15,000 yuan configuration, the next order of Zhizun version models with a limited-time upgrade value of 10,000 yuan configuration, and pre-sale plus gifts.

The Changan Mazda MAZDA EZ-6 comes from Mazda’s power-controlled smart line architecture. Among them, the super pure electric models have two battery life of 480KM and 600KM, and the pure electric battery life of the Wuji Zengcheng models has 130KM and 200KM. The measured comprehensive battery life reaches 1301KM.

Changan Mazda MAZDA EZ-6 inherits the core brand genes of Mazda’s "Soul Design" and "One Man and Horse", and has improved in space, technology, power and intelligence. In the joint venture brand,EZ-6It is the first B-class new energy vehicle built on a leading pure electric platform, which also marksChangan Mazda will fully accelerate on the new intelligent electric track and continue to move towards the goal and vision of the first brand of joint venture new energy.

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