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Basic Biology of Macrophages： From Origin to Function

Written by: immune meow with picky eaters

Source: gossip Immunology

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Macrophages (English name: Macrophages, abbreviated M) are immune cells widely distributed in blood and tissues of the whole body.Macrophages can devour and kill intracellular parasites, bacteria, tumor cells, as well as self-aging and abnormal cells, and play an important role in immune defense, immune homeostasis and immune monitoring.Macrophages are a kind of phagocytes and belong to monocyte system.
　

Macrophages have been a hot research object for a long time because of their diversity and heterogeneity in tissue distribution.
　

one

The origin of macrophages
　

The evolution of species diversity and struggle for existence have produced a complex host defense system, which relies on natural immunity, first single-celled eukaryotes, and then adaptive immunity in tissues and developing eukaryotes. Natural immunity was first expounded at the end of 19th century, and Elie Metchnikoff introduced the word "macrophage", which means "macro = big and phage = eater”。 Monocytes/macrophages are a small group of white blood cells determined by their location, phenotype, morphology and gene expression profile.

Monocytes account for 4-10% of nucleated cells in normal peripheral blood. In blood, the half-life of monocytes is less than 20 hours. For many years, it has been assumed that macrophages are completely differentiated from circulating monocytes, but the recent morphological and functional differences between these cells refute this hypothesis.

Recent research evidence shows that macrophages in most adult tissues are sown before birth, and during embryonic development, they are transferred from.yolk sacIt has the ability of self-renewal and is maintained independently of monocytes. In addition,Each organ has its own unique combination of embryos and adult macrophages..

Embryonic macrophages participate in tissue reconstruction, while adult macrophages mainly assist host defense. In addition to these differences, we also observed that embryonic macrophages and adult macrophages coexist in many different organs.

Tissue distribution of different macrophages　　

According to their anatomical location and functional phenotype, macrophages can be divided intoMicroglial cell、osteoclast、pm, spleen tissue cells and interstitial connective tissue, liver interstitial connective tissue and kupffer cells.

There are also different types of macrophages in the intestine, which have different phenotypes and functions, but work together to maintain tolerance to normal intestinal flora and oral antigens.

There are also different numbers of macrophages in the secondary lymphoid organs, including macrophages in the marginal area of spleen, which inhibit the natural immunity and adaptive immunity to apoptotic cells, and sinus macrophages under the capsule of lymph nodes, which remove the virus in lymph and start the antiviral immune response.

differentMacrophages exist in immune immune immune sites., such as the brain, eyes and testicles, these parts are inTissue remodelinganddynamic balancePlay a central role. These tissue-specific macrophages devour dead cells, debris, foreign antigens and materials, organize the inflammatory process, and recruit more macrophages as needed.

three

Plasticity and polarization
　

Macrophages are remarkable plastic cells, which can be obtained fromConversion from one phenotype to another.. Macrophage polarization is a process. Macrophages show specific phenotypes and make functional responses to microenvironment stimuli and signals encountered in each specific tissue.

Local cytokine environment can localize macrophage polarization. The two subsets of macrophages with different functions include classic activated or inflammatory (M1) and alternately activated or anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. This phenomenon of these two different M1/M2 phenotypes is called.Macrophage polarization.

M1 macrophageIt is usually induced by the recognition of Th1 cytokines (such as IFN-γ and T NF-α) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These macrophages produce and secrete high levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23 and COX-2, while the level of IL-10 is low.

Functionally, M1 macrophages participate in the elimination of pathogens during infection by activating nicotinamide adenine phosphodinucleotide (NADPH) oxidase system and then producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, M1 macrophages have strong anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities, mediating tissue damage caused by reactive oxygen species, damaging tissue regeneration and wound healing. In order to prevent this kind of tissue damage, the anti-inflammatory effect of M2 macrophages inhibits the chronic inflammatory reaction by regulating the mechanism.

M2 macrophageSTAT6 is activated by IL-4 receptor α(IL-4Rα) and polarized by Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, which has anti-inflammatory effect. Besides IL-4 and IL-13, cytokines such as IL-10 can also regulate M2 polarization by activating STAT 3 through IL-10 receptor (IL-10 R).

IL-33It is a cytokine related to Th2 in IL-1 family and can induce M2 polarization. It is characterized by up-regulating arginase-1(arg-1), CCL 17 and CCL 24, thus mediating pulmonary eosinophilia and airway inflammation.

IL-21It is another Th2-related cytokine that drives M2 polarization. M2 macrophages have the characteristics of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are characterized by low production of IL-12 and high production of IL-10 and TGF-β.

Functionally, M2 macrophages have strong phagocytosis, which can remove debris and apoptotic cells, promote tissue repair and wound healing, and promote angiogenesis and fibrosis. Therefore, generally speaking, M2 cells participate in Th2 response and parasite clearance, inhibit inflammation, promote tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, immune regulation, tumor formation and progress.

However, the M1/M2 phenotype does not reflect different phenotypic subsets of macrophages. According to the activation stimulus received, M2 macrophages can be further divided into four types.M2A, M2B, M2C and M2DDifferent subgroups of the composition.

M2aMacrophage subsets can be induced by IL-4 and IL-13, producing high levels of CD206, bait receptor IL-1 receptor II(IL-RII) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA).

Immune complex (ICs) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists or IL-1 receptor ligands can induce M2b subgroup.M2bMacrophages simultaneously produce anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6 and α-α.

M2cCells were induced by glucocorticoid and IL-10, and showed strong anti-inflammatory effect on apoptotic cells by releasing a large amount of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β.

Finally, TLR agonist induced the fourth M2 macrophage through adenosine receptor agonist.M2d.

The activated receptor of adenosine then inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, induces anti-inflammatory secretion of cytokines (high IL-10, low IL-12) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEG F), thus providing a drug withTumor associated macrophages (TAMS)The angiogenic characteristics of the characteristic. M2 macrophages exposed to M1 signal, or conversely, induced differentiated macrophages to "repolarize" or "reprogram" is another evidence that they have high functional plasticity and can potentially pursue therapeutic goals.

four

hugeMigration of phagocytes

Monocytes and macrophages migrate to the site of inflammation or injury to eliminate the initial inflammatory signal and ultimately promote wound healing and tissue repair.

This process is mainly initiated by pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs) (released from invasive pathogens) and damage-related molecular patterns (DAMPs) (released from damaged or dead cells to cope with infection and injury).

In addition, antigen can activate memory T cells in tissues through secretion.manyInflammatory cytokines and chemokines are used to trigger the recruitment of macrophages. Chemokines directly participate in the migration and activation of monocytes through endothelium, and monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 (MCP-1) is a monocyte chemotactic factor, which participates in the occurrence of inflammation and induces monocyte chemotaxis and migration by interacting with CC chemotactic factor 2(CCR2) on monocytes. MCP-1 is mainly secreted by activated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), monocytes and T cells. MCP-1, together with IL-8 or CXC ligand -8(CXCL-8), can trigger the firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelial cells under blood flow conditions. Monocyte adhesion and migration across endothelium through activated venule wall is a basic immune response, which depends on the expression of adhesion molecules of chemical mediators on the surface of vein endothelium.

These adhesion molecules belong to four families:Selectin、Integrin、Immunoglobulin superfamilyandMucin-like glycoprotein.

five

Antigen presentation

Antigen presenting cells, mainly macrophages, are the outposts of the immune system that starts and regulates immune response. An important feature of macrophage biology is the capture, endocytosis and expression of self or foreign antigens, which providesThe connection between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

Macrophages reside in surrounding organs, where they monitor surrounding tissues for invading pathogens. They alert the immune system to the presence of pathogens by engulfing them, processing their antigens and presenting peptide fragments that bind to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. After antigen treatment, macrophages migrate to T cells and stimulate them. Activated macrophages express high levels of costimulatory molecules and antigen presenting molecules on their surfaces, such as CD 80, CD 86 and MHCⅠ ⅰ and ⅱ molecules. Mixed Leukocyte/Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) is used as a basic test for determining the function of macrophages, because it measures the proliferation ability of macrophages to allogeneic T cell populations.

six

Production of cytokine and chemokines

Interleukin is a kind of cytokine, which is involved in inducing adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), angiogenic factors and signal pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kB) and signal transduction and transcription activator (STAS) involved in tumor invasion and angiogenesis.

Activation of M1 macrophages can induce proinflammatory cytokines., including TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18 and IL-23; Produce nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNS；; Antigen presentation; Expression of CC chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5; Promoting T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses provides an effective mechanism for killing.

Obviously, M1 and M2 macrophages have different chemokine profiles, while M1 macrophages expressing Th1 cell chemokines, such as CXCL9 and CXCL10.

M2 macrophages express chemokines.CCL17, CCL18, CCL22 and CCL 24. M1 macrophages express inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and together with costimulatory molecules CD 40, CD 80 and CD 86, they up-regulate MHCⅡ class II molecules to promote cytotoxic adaptive immunity.

M1 macrophages express Th1- and Th17- polarized cytokines IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and Th1- aggregation chemokines CXCL 9, CXCL 10 and CXCL 11. On the contrary, M2 macrophages support the resolution of inflammation by transferring gene expression to anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10, TGF-β, IL-1R1Ⅱ and IL-1Ra. M2 macrophages also express a large number of endogenous receptors, including scavenger receptor CD 163, stabilizer -1 and type C lectin receptor CD 206, CD 301, Dectin-1 and CD 209. In addition, M2 macrophages recruit Th2, regulatory T cells (Tregs), eosinophils and basophils by secreting chemokines such as CCL 17, CCL 18, CCL 22 and CCL 24..

seven

Macrophage apoptosis

Apoptosis is a normal, physiological and necessary process of cell selection and survival, eliminating and removing unnecessary cells, such as aging, damaged, genetic mutation and virus-infected cells; In fact, anti-apoptosis can promote malignant transformation of normal cells.

At present, it is known that macrophage apoptosis is related to various stages of the disease related to the decline of pathogen activity, which can be regarded as a natural immune defense mechanism and strategy for the host to limit infection against intracellular pathogens.

On the contrary, many cellsPathogens have the ability to kill infected cells., destroy the host pathway, inhibit cell apoptosis, leading to necrosis. This strategy can makePathogens escape the host’s immunity and infect other nearby or distant cells.. These apoptotic infected cells also provide a link between innate immunity and acquired immunity. When professional APCs absorb apoptotic vesicles, this connection begins when bacterial products and pathogenic antigens enhance T cell activation. Similarly,Pathogens inhibit apoptosis and promote necrosis.It also impairs the presentation of bacterial antigens, which may be the mechanism of immune escape.

In atherosclerosis, macrophages die by reducing the number of cells in the lesion, which is beneficial to reduce the lesion area. In the progress of atherosclerosis and other diseases, the phagocytosis of M2 macrophages solves the problem of apoptosis and its adverse effects. This unique functional feature of M2 macrophage is caused byHigh level of scavenger receptorExpress support.

Macrophages phagocytize debris, injured cells, dead cells and apoptotic cells, and inhibit macrophages from producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin -1β, interleukin -6 and interleukin -8. The mechanism involves autocrine or paracrine of transforming growth factor -β(TGF-β), thus inhibiting further recruitment of monocytes and macrophages.

In addition, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory IL-12, IL-23 and IL-27 and stimulates the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10.

By limiting the phagocytosis of local inflammation, it can also protect tissues from harmful pro-inflammatory reactions, death, injury and the immunogenic content of dead cells, and throughNecrosis after apoptosis to protect the growth of lesions.

In the late stage of atherosclerosis, the phagocytic function of apoptotic cells is seriously damaged, which leads to the aggregation of macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, which eventually blocks the decomposition of inflammation and promotes local necrosis, inflammatory state and plaque instability.

Understanding the exact mechanism of pathogen inhibiting apoptosis can avoid natural immunity and adaptive immunity, which provides a new strategy for optimizing treatment. The idea of manipulating the host or bacterial pathway to induce more cell apoptosis, "apoptosis-promoting therapy", may help to produce a more effective immune response.

eight

Macrophage metabolism

Recent evidence shows that metabolism plays an important role in the formation of macrophages and the obvious polarization phenotype. Under normal, physiological and pathological conditions, macrophages face an oxygen gradient.Macrophages adapt to hypoxia by shifting their metabolic pathways to glycolysis.. In addition, the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)-1 and -2 caused profound functional changes, including the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors, such as CXC chemokine 4(CXCR 4), CXCL 12, angiogenesis factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(Biswas and Mantovani, 2012; Orihuela et al., 2016). Therefore, macrophages help to coordinate the response of tissues to oxygen gradient and hypoxia conditions.

Macrophages M1 and M2 can obviously regulate the metabolism of glucose, amino acids, iron and folic acid.After macrophage activation, its metabolic pathway changes from oxidation to glycolysis.solve. Under the action of M1 stimuli (such as LPS, Th1 cytokines and IL-12), they showed a metabolic transformation to anaerobic glycolytic pathway, while M2 stimuli (such as IL-4 and IL-13) had little effect. Macrophages activated by IFN-γ and L-PS are often associated with acute infection, so it is necessary to trigger strong antimicrobial activity quickly in hypoxic microenvironment. In this case, the anaerobic process such as glycolysis is the best way when energy is needed. Interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide strongly induce glucose uptake and inhibit fatty acid uptake and oxidation. Therefore, glycolysis metabolism is enhanced and mitochondrial activity is decreased.

On the contrary,M2 macrophage functions, such as wound healing and tissue repair, need continuous energy supply.. This requirement is made byGlucose oxidative metabolism and fatty acid oxidationProvided, andFatty acid oxidation is the most important metabolic pathway of M2 macrophages.. M2 macrophage has the characteristics of high mitochondrial activity and oxidative phosphorylation. They show enhanced respiratory activity based on fatty acid β oxidation. Both metabolic pathways are up-regulated in the process of macrophage activation, but glycolysis is the main metabolic pathway, which can produce DNA and cell membrane synthesis substrates and promote the growth and differentiation of monocytes. It is another possibility of glycolytic metastasis of M1 macrophages to produce rapid and optimal response at the infected site.

In addition, the accumulation of citric acid in M1 macrophages is essential for the production of pro-inflammatory mediators NO, ROS, RNS and prostaglandin. Another important aspect is the metabolism of amino acids closely related to the functional phenotype of macrophages. M1 macrophages are characterized by the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).The production of NO is an important anti-microbial effect. M1 macrophages are active, while M2 macrophages do not produce NO.. On the contrary, they express high levels of Arg-1 and play a role in catalyzing the production of polyamines, which are necessary for collagen synthesis, cell proliferation, fibrosis and other tissue remodeling functions. Interestingly, the production of polyamines is reported to be the driving factor of M2 polarization.

In addition, there are significant differences in iron metabolism between M1 and M2 macrophages. Although M1 macrophages express a large number of iron storage proteins, such as ferritin, the content of iron porphyrin they express is low, and ferritin is the export of iron. Compared with M1 type macrophages, M2 type macrophages have lower ferritin content, but higher ferritin content. This different iron metabolism may be related to its function. Because iron is necessary to support the growth of bacteria, the retention of iron in M1 macrophages is a kind of bacteriostasis and supports the host’s protection against infection. On the contrary, the iron released by M2 macrophages is beneficial to tissue repair, but it can cause tumor growth and metastasis.

Metabolic adaptation is an important aspect of macrophage polarization and its functional activities.

nine

MicroRNA involved in macrophage polarization

MicroRNA plays an important role in many aspects of macrophage biology, thus affecting many biological and pathological conditions, such as monocyte differentiation and development, macrophage polarization, infection, atherosclerosis, tumor growth, inflammatory activation, cholesterol homeostasis, cell survival and proliferation, and phagocytosis.

MiRNA-24, miRNA-30b, miRNA-142-3p and miRNA-199a-5p can inhibit the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages.

M1 macrophage polarizationMiRNA-125, miRNA-146, miRNA-155, miRNA-7a/f and miRNA-378 are needed, andM2 polarizationThen miRNA-let-7c/e, miRNA-9, miRNA-21, miRNA-146, miRNA-147, miRNA-187 and miRNA-223 are needed.

In addition, miRNA-342-5p promotes NO synthesis, and IL-6 provides pro-inflammatory signals for macrophages. Although miR-21 has been proved to have both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, its anti-inflammatory effect is more prominent. MiR-155 and miR-142-3p inhibited the proliferation of macrophages compared with let-7a. MiR-155 can promote and prevent apoptosis at the same time, while miR-21 and let-7e negatively regulate the apoptosis of macrophages.

Main references

Abbas Shapouri Moghaddam，doi:10.1002/jcp.26429，2018

Thomas A. Wynn，Nature，doi:10.1038/nature12034，2013

Nicole J. Horwood，Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol，doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8519-2

Science and Technology Morning Post ｜ The sudden death of Pinduoduo employees caused the stock price to drop by 6%. Apple will send the first AR device.

Phoenix Network Technology News Beijing time on January 5 th news, what happened in the science and technology circle last night and this morning, the following is a review of the news:

Pay attention to Pinduoduo first:

The sudden death of employees caused controversy. Pinduoduo’s share price fell 6%

The sudden death of a 23-year-old female employee in Pinduoduo has attracted the attention of the industry, while Zhihu’s statement of "trading her life for money" in a certified account in Pinduoduo has caused controversy. CCTV and other media have called on Internet companies to let employees stay up late, not overdraw, and protect strugglers. As of Monday’s close, Pinduoduo’s share price dropped 6.13% to $166.78, with a market value of $204.5 billion.

Pinduoduo apologized for Zhihu’s inappropriate comments on the account: the account control was not strict, which was personally done by the supplier’s employees.

Figure 1: The theory of "exchanging life for money" in Pinduoduo Zhihu account.

After Pinduoduo denied that the official Zhihu account of the company had deleted the reply to the employee’s death, Zhihu officially released Weibo that Pinduoduo was a registered user in Zhihu and his identity was true and correct, and said that Pinduoduo deleted the reply by itself after creating the relevant answer. In this regard, Pinduoduo officials responded that after investigation, the content was released by employees of Pinduoduo marketing cooperative suppliers on personal mobile phones, which did not represent any official attitude of Pinduoduo. At the same time, Pinduoduo apologized for the lax control of official accounts. (Blue Whale Finance)

Pay attention to Apple first:

Guo Ming: Apple will release the first AR device, AirTag and new AirPods this year.

Figure 2: exposed AirTags

Guo Ming, a well-known Apple analyst at Tianfeng International Securities, released a new report on Monday, looking forward to the products that Apple will release this year. He pointed out that Apple will release its first augmented reality (AR) device, AirTag tracker and new AirPods headphones in 2021. Guo Ming did not disclose the details of the AR equipment, but he said earlier that Apple’s first AR glasses will be highly dependent on the iPhone. In addition, Apple will continue the transition to Apple’s self-developed chip. The 12.9-inch iPad Pro is expected to become the first iPad model to switch to mini-LED screen. According to media reports, it will be listed in the first quarter. The new AirPods will also be released this year. The rumored AirPods Pro Lite is said to replace the non-Pro version of AirPods, and its design is similar or exactly the same as AirPods Pro.

Britain imposed a nationwide blockade, and Apple closed all 38 retail stores.

Apple will close all British retail stores during the third nationwide blockade in response to the surge in cases and hospitalizations in COVID-19. On Monday, British Prime Minister Johnson reimposed the blockade and adopted stricter restrictions until mid-February. The blockade order requires the closure of non-essential businesses, including retail stores and mobile phone stores selling "electronic goods". Affected by the new restrictions, Apple will temporarily close all 38 retail stores in the UK.

IPhone 13 will be equipped with optical radar, not only Pro model.

Among the iPhone 12 series models released last year, Apple equipped the two models, the iPhone 12 Pro and the iPhone 12 Pro Max, with LiDAR laser radar to provide depth sensing function. According to a supply chain report quoted by foreign media 9to5Mac, Apple will equip the whole iPhone 13 with LiDAR lidar this year, not just the "Pro" model. The report also pointed out that Apple has signed an agreement with Sony to ensure that the LiDAR will be used in the iPhone at least until 2023. (IT house)

Other news:

With 16 days left in Trump’s term, it is increasingly impossible to reform social media immunity.

President Trump and FCC Chairman Ajit Pai have only 16 days left in their terms of office. At present, it seems less and less likely that Pai will take measures to shrink the legal protection that social media companies get under the 1996 Communications Regulation Act. It is still unclear whether the newly appointed third Republican member of the FCC will join this action. On October 15th last year, Pai said that new rules would be formulated to define the platform content immunity enjoyed by social media according to Article 230 of the Communication Regulation Act, in response to the Trump administration’s request in July. However, since October, Pai has not taken any further measures in response to the government’s request. After the Committee meeting in November and December, he cancelled his regular press conference and preferred not to add any discussion on Article 230 to the agenda of the meeting on January 13.

Amazon, Xiaomo and Berkshire Medical Joint Venture, which was founded only three years ago, will close.

Figure 3: Amazon CEO Bezos

In 2018, Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Chase announced the establishment of a health care joint venture company, Haven Health, seeking to "reform the health care industry" and cut costs for hundreds of thousands of employees by merging the resources and technologies of the three companies. This high-profile company once caused the share prices of major insurance companies to fall. Now, however, Haven Health will stop running in February, failing to achieve the set goal. According to people familiar with the matter, the goal of reforming the medical industry is too difficult to accomplish.

Foxconn: Baiteng Automobile signed a strategic cooperation agreement to promote mass production in the first quarter of next year.

According to the Taiwan Province Economic Daily, Hon Hai Technology Group said that its Foxconn Technology Group signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with Baiteng Automobile and Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone to jointly accelerate the mass production of the first model M-Byte of Baiteng, and strive to achieve mass production of the M-Byte in the first quarter of 2022. Earlier in the day, Bloomberg reported that Foxconn planned to invest $200 million in Baiteng Automobile, a new car-making force that had been shut down before. If the investment is reached, the money will become the life-saving money of Baiteng Automobile. However, Taiwan Province Economic Daily pointed out in the report that the scope of the cooperation agreement signed by the two parties is limited to business cooperation, and there is no direct investment relationship so far, that is to say, there is no investment of 200 million US dollars. (The Paper)

British court refused American extradition of Assange.

The Central Criminal Court in London, England, ruled on the 4th that it did not agree with the US government’s extradition of julian assange, the founder of Wikileaks website. On the same day, British judge Vanessa Barrett ruled that the refusal of extradition was due to Assange’s mental health problems, because there was evidence that Assange had self-injured and suicidal tendencies, and she was worried that the United States would not be able to stop Assange from seeking suicide. "The overall impression he gives is depression, sometimes even despair, and he is afraid of his future." Assange’s lawyer believes that once Assange is extradited to the United States and convicted, he will face up to 175 years in prison. (Xinhua News Agency)

Twitter buys social podcast app Breaker.

Twitter announced that it has acquired Breaker, a social podcast application. Team Breaker will join Twitter to help improve the "public dialogue health" on the platform and develop Twitter’s new audio network project Twitter Spaces. The Breaker app will be closed on January 15th this year.

Google employees founded the first trade union in the company’s history.

According to CNN, hundreds of employees of Google and its parent company Alphabet launched a trade union, which is a rare step in the technology industry and the biggest and most organized challenge to the company’s administrative leadership so far. On Monday morning, local time, the Alphabet Trade Union announced that the organization would be managed by employees and accept full-time employees and contractors of the company. (Interface News)

Didi plans to go to Hong Kong in 2021 with an IPO valuation of about 60 billion to 80 billion US dollars.

LatePost learned exclusively that Didi plans to go public in 2021, and the place of listing may be Hong Kong, with a target valuation of about 60-80 billion US dollars, and is currently in contact with investment banks including Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase. It is reported that due to the "safety accident on the windmill" and the epidemic situation, the business volume of Didi Travel has dropped significantly. Therefore, in the private equity market, the trading price of some shares of Didi is much lower than the $56 billion valuation obtained in 2017. (Mobile phone China)

Bitcoin once fell below the $28,000 mark.

As of 21: 49 on January 4th, Bitcoin plunged sharply in the intraday trading, with a minimum of $27,777. At present, it is temporarily reported at $30,997.75, down $2,862.61 from the daily high, and once plunged more than 15% in the intraday trading. According to CNBC, HenriArslarian, head of global cryptocurrency at PwC, said that the soaring bitcoin in recent weeks was partly driven by more large institutional investors entering the market. (national business daily (blog, Weibo))

(Editor: Ji Liya HN003)

Joint Communiqué of the Roundtable Summit of the Second Belt and Road International Cooperation Summit Forum (full text)

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, April 27th

　　Building the "Belt and Road" and Creating a Better Future

　　Joint Communiqué of the Roundtable Summit of the Second Belt and Road International Cooperation Summit Forum

　　April 27, 2019, Beijing, China

　　1. We, the supreme leader of President People’s Republic of China (PRC), Azerbaijani President Aliyev, Belarusian President Lukashenko, Sultans Of Brunei Hassanal, Chilean President Piniella, Cypriot President Anastasiades, Czech President Zeman, Djibouti President Guelleh, Egyptian President Seyce, Kazakhstan’s first President Nazarbayev, Kenyan President Kenyatta, Kyrgyz President Zheenbekov, Lao president Benyan, Mongolian President Battulga, Mozambican President Nyusi, Nepalese President bhandari, Philippine President Duterte, Portuguese President De, Russian President Putin, Serbian President Vucic, Swiss Federal President maurer, Tajik President rakhmon, Uzbek President Mirziyoev, UAE Vice President and Prime Minister, Dubai Chief Muhammad, Austrian Prime Minister Courths, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, Ethiopian Prime Minister Abi, Greek Prime Minister Tsipras, Hungarian Prime Minister Orban, Italian Prime Minister Conte, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir, Myanmar Senior Minister Aung San Suu Kyi, Pakistani Prime Minister imran khan, Papua New Guinea Prime Minister O ‘Neill, Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, Thai Prime Minister Ba Yu, Vietnamese Prime Minister Ruan Chunfu and Indonesian Vice President Kara gathered in Beijing on April 27, 2019 to attend the theme of "Building together ‘ Belt and Road ’ And create a better future.International Cooperation Summit Forum Leaders Roundtable Summit. We welcome the participation of UN Secretary-General Guterres and IMF Managing Director Lagarde. The summit was presided over by President People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Supreme Leader.

　　2. We are gathered at a moment when opportunities and challenges coexist in the world economy and the world is undergoing rapid and profound changes. We reiterate that strengthening multilateralism is crucial to global challenges. We believe that building an open, inclusive, coordinated, sustainable and people-centered world economy is conducive to promoting common prosperity.

　　3. We recall the joint communiqué of the first "Belt and Road" international cooperation summit forum round table summit and the cooperation goals, principles and measures set by it, and reaffirm our commitment to the implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. We reiterate that it is our common responsibility to promote peace, development and human rights, promote win-win cooperation and respect the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and international law. It is our common goal to achieve strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth of the world economy and improve people’s quality of life. It is our common aspiration to build a prosperous and peaceful world.

　　4. The ancient Silk Road embodies the spirit of equal cooperation of peaceful cooperation, openness, tolerance, mutual learning and mutual benefit, and has made important contributions to promoting interconnection and world economic growth. We look forward to reviving the spirit of the ancient Silk Road through the Belt and Road Initiative and other cooperation frameworks and initiatives.

　　5. As partners, we appreciate the progress made and the important opportunities created by the Belt and Road cooperation, especially in the areas of development policy docking, infrastructure investment, economic corridors, economic and trade cooperation zones, industrial parks, financial and trade cooperation, innovation and technology, maritime cooperation, business contacts and people-to-people exchanges. These cooperations have opened up new impetus for economic growth, increased new potential for economic and social development of all countries, and contributed to the realization of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations.

　　6. Looking forward to the future, we will jointly build the "Belt and Road" with high quality. By promoting policy communication, facility connectivity, smooth trade, financial intermediation and popular support, we will strengthen interconnection among all parties, deepen pragmatic cooperation and enhance the well-being of people in all countries. In this regard, we expect our partners to make more efforts.

　　— — We will persist in discussing, building and sharing. We emphasize the importance of the rule of law and creating fair opportunities for all, and will carry out policy docking and project cooperation on the basis of voluntary participation and consensus, sharing responsibilities and sharing results. All countries are equal partners and respect an open, transparent, inclusive and fair business environment. We respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. We believe that it is the right and primary responsibility of each country to decide its own development strategy independently according to domestic priorities and laws.

　　— — We will adhere to openness, green and honesty. We support an open economy and an inclusive and non-discriminatory global market, and welcome all interested countries to participate in cooperation. We attach importance to promoting green development and meeting the challenges of environmental protection and climate change, including strengthening cooperation in implementing the Paris Agreement. We encourage all parties to make more efforts in building a clean culture and fighting corruption.

　　— — We pursue high standards, benefit people’s livelihood and sustainability. Relevant cooperation will abide by national laws and regulations, international obligations and applicable international rules and standards, and will promote inclusive and high-quality economic growth and improve people’s livelihood in line with the people-centered concept. We are committed to promoting the sustainability of cooperation at all levels.

　　7. We started from the belief that connectivity is conducive to promoting growth and economic and social development, promoting trade in goods and services, stimulating investment, creating employment opportunities and enhancing people-to-people exchanges. Promoting the construction of a global connectivity partnership on the basis of openness, inclusiveness and transparency will bring opportunities to all parties. Today, we are determined to strengthen international cooperation at the sub-regional, regional and global levels and create a bright future of common prosperity through this partnership, including the Belt and Road Initiative and other cooperation strategies. We support a universal, rule-based, open, transparent and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization at its core.

　　Strengthen the docking of development policies

　　8. In order to promote common development, we welcome all parties to adopt prudent macroeconomic policies and encourage relevant discussions on the implementation of the sustainable development agenda. We will strengthen macroeconomic policy dialogue in the United Nations and other multilateral mechanisms, and promote the docking of development plans and interconnection initiatives of all parties on the basis of existing progress.

　　9. In view of this, we emphasize the opportunities brought by relevant initiatives and cooperation frameworks. Including: Three Rivers Basin Economic Cooperation Strategic Master Plan (2019-2023), AU and Africa Infrastructure Development Plan, APEC Interconnection Blueprint, League of Arab States, ASEAN and ASEAN Interconnection Master Plan 2025, ASEAN Smart City Network, ASEAN Link Interconnection Initiative, ASEM Interconnection Working Group, East ASEAN Growth Area, Central Asia Interconnection Initiative, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Dubai Silk Road Strategy, EU Eurasian Interconnection Strategy, China-EU Interconnection Platform, EU Eastern Partnership, Eurasian Economic Union, Eurasian Partnership, China-Africa Cooperation Forum, Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation, Global Infrastructure Interconnection Alliance, Global Group Initiative, Lancang-Mekong Cooperation, Organization of American States, pacific alliance, Pacific Island Forum, Union for the Mediterranean and other subregional and regional cooperation initiatives.

　　10. We are determined to promote the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, look forward to further opening up the market, and oppose protectionism, unilateralism and other measures that are inconsistent with the rules of the World Trade Organization. We emphasize the importance of "special and differential treatment" in WTO agreements.

　　11. We attach importance to the facilitation of customs clearance, and encourage relevant departments to enhance cooperation in border clearance, customs mutual assistance, information sharing, and streamlining customs and transit procedures. We encourage the relevant facilitation measures to conform to the WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation, supplemented by effective border control measures to combat illegal trade and fraud.

　　12. We call on all countries to strengthen cooperation in promoting foreign direct investment and establishing joint ventures on the premise of complying with their domestic laws and international commitments. We encourage all parties to create a favorable and predictable environment for promoting investment and creating new business opportunities.

　　13. We hope to strengthen tax cooperation, encourage more agreements to avoid double taxation, and promote growth-friendly tax policies. To this end, we will work within the existing framework of international tax cooperation.

　　14. We will strive to build a global value chain that is inclusive and diverse and universally beneficial. We encourage cooperation in the field of innovation while protecting intellectual property rights. We also encourage all parties to adopt electronic waybills.

　　15. We support the development of a sustainable blue economy and call for further strengthening maritime connectivity and international maritime cooperation, including cooperation between ports and shipping industries, while managing marine and coastal ecosystems in a sustainable manner.

　　Strengthen infrastructure interconnection

　　16. In order to promote coordinated growth, we support the construction of all-round and compound infrastructure interconnection, and promote economic growth and improve people’s livelihood through infrastructure investment. We support policies and measures to help landlocked countries become landlocked countries, including promoting connectivity and strengthening cooperation in transit arrangements and infrastructure.

　　17. We will strive to build high-quality, reliable, risk-resistant and sustainable infrastructure. We emphasize that high-quality infrastructure should be feasible, reasonable in price, inclusive and widely beneficial in the whole cycle, which is conducive to the sustainable development of participating countries and the industrialization of developing countries. We welcome developed countries and international investors to invest in interconnection projects in developing countries. We attach importance to the sustainability of the project in economic, social, financial, financial and environmental aspects, and at the same time balance economic growth, social progress and environmental protection.

　　18. In order to achieve the sustainability of the project, we support countries to strengthen cooperation in project preparation and implementation, and ensure that the project is investable, financing, economically feasible and environmentally friendly. We call on all market participants in the Belt and Road cooperation to fulfill their corporate social responsibilities and abide by the UN Global Compact.

　　19. We recognize that transportation infrastructure is one of the foundations of connectivity. We encourage countries to develop mutually compatible infrastructure and enhance the connectivity of countries in the air, land and sea by developing mutually compatible and compound transportation. We recognize the importance of developing cross-regional transportation and logistics corridors, including building corridors connecting Central Asia and the Caucasus, Europe, Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific to promote transportation and exchanges.

　　20. We support strengthening energy infrastructure and improving energy security so that all people can enjoy affordable, renewable, clean and sustainable energy.

　　21. On the premise of observing the laws, regulatory systems and international commitments of various countries, we look forward to strengthening the interconnection of financial markets, while paying attention to inclusive finance.

　　Promote sustainable development

　　22. To promote sustainable and low-carbon development, we appreciate efforts to promote green development and ecological sustainability. We encourage the development of green finance, including issuing green bonds and developing green technologies. We also encourage all parties to exchange good practices in eco-environmental policies and improve the level of environmental protection.

　　23. In order to protect the earth from degradation, we look forward to building a more climate-resilient future and strengthening cooperation in the fields of environmental protection, circular economy, clean energy, energy efficiency and comprehensive sustainable water resources management, including supporting countries adversely affected by climate change in accordance with internationally recognized principles and obligations, so as to achieve sustainable development in a balanced and comprehensive way in economic, social and environmental aspects. We support the implementation of the UN resolution on the mid-term comprehensive review of the implementation of the International Decade for Action "Water for Sustainable Development" (2018-2028).

　　24. We encourage more cooperation in sustainable agriculture, forestry and biodiversity protection. We agree to promote cooperation in the fields of disaster prevention and mitigation and disaster management.

　　25. We support international anti-corruption cooperation on the basis of observing national laws and regulations, and adopt a zero-tolerance attitude towards corruption. We call on all countries to strengthen relevant international cooperation in accordance with their obligations under international conventions such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption and relevant bilateral treaties. We look forward to strengthening cooperation in exchanging useful experiences and carrying out pragmatic cooperation.

　　Strengthen pragmatic cooperation

　　In order to achieve common prosperity, we should strengthen pragmatic cooperation. Relevant cooperation should be people-centered, result-oriented and growth-oriented, abide by market rules and laws of various countries, and the government can provide corresponding support when necessary. We encourage enterprises from all countries, including small and medium-sized enterprises, to participate in cooperation. We emphasize the importance of adopting open, transparent and non-discriminatory public procurement procedures on the basis of observing national laws and regulations, and welcome the exchange of useful experiences.

　　27. We support countries to continue to build economic corridors, economic and trade cooperation zones (see annex) and cooperation projects related to the Belt and Road Initiative, and strengthen cooperation in value chain, industrial chain and supply chain.

　　28. We will continue to strengthen multimodal transport, including inland waterways, road and railway networks, land, sea and air ports and pipelines, on the premise of abiding by international law and national laws. We encourage learning from international good practices, strengthening digital infrastructure including cross-border high-speed optical cables, developing e-commerce and smart cities, and narrowing the digital divide.

　　29. We encourage third-party market cooperation, tripartite cooperation and cooperation between government and social capital, and welcome enterprises and relevant international organizations to make more efforts in this regard on the premise of complying with national laws and regulations. We welcome legal cooperation, including providing dispute settlement services and legal aid to the business community.

　　30. We support cooperation between financial institutions of various countries and international financial institutions to provide diversified and sustainable financing support for relevant projects. While respecting domestic priorities, laws and regulations, international commitments and relevant principles adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on debt sustainability, we encourage local currency financing and mutual establishment of financial institutions to better play the role of development finance. We encourage multilateral development banks and other international financial institutions to increase their support for interconnection projects in a financially sustainable way and mobilize private capital to invest in related projects according to local needs.

　　In order to ensure food security and support sustainable development, we emphasize the importance of developing water-saving technologies and agricultural innovation. We attach importance to promoting trade and investment in agricultural products by strengthening cooperation in animal and plant health and quarantine.

　　32. We have noticed the "Belt and Road" cooperation platforms in various professional fields listed in the annex.

　　Strengthen cultural exchanges

　　33. Interconnection has brought different countries, peoples and societies closer together. We believe that the "Belt and Road" cooperation is conducive to promoting dialogue, exchanges, mutual learning and mutual learning among people of all countries and different cultures and civilizations. We welcome efforts to expand people-to-people exchanges, including strengthening exchanges among young people.

　　34. We attach importance to strengthening cooperation in human resources development, education and vocational training in order to enhance people’s ability to better adapt to future work, promote employment and improve people’s living standards.

　　We look forward to further exchanges and cooperation in the fields of science and technology, culture, art, creative economy, rural development and folk crafts, archaeology and paleontology, cultural and natural heritage protection, tourism, health and sports.

　　36. We welcome parliaments, friendly provinces and cities, think tanks, academia, media and civil society to strengthen exchanges, promote exchanges between women and disabled people, and strengthen cooperation in overseas labor.

　　Next step

　　We welcome further bilateral and international cooperation between all parties and China under the Belt and Road Initiative, and look forward to holding regular summit forums and related follow-up activities.

　　We thank and congratulate China for hosting the second Belt and Road International Cooperation Summit Forum, and look forward to the third summit forum.

　　attachment

　　I. Economic corridors and other projects driven and supported by interconnection:

　　(1) Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway Economic Corridor and industrial parks along it.

　　(2) Heishui Tunnel

　　(3) Baku-Tbilisi-Kars transnational railway and Baku Ariate free economic zone.

　　(4) Brunei-China Guangxi Economic Corridor

　　(5) China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor

　　(6) China-Europe land and sea express line

　　(7) China-Indochina Economic Corridor, including China-Laos Economic Corridor.

　　(8) China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan International Highway

　　(9) China-Laos-Thailand Railway Cooperation

　　(10) China-Malaysian Qinzhou Industrial Park

　　(11) China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor

　　(12) China-Myanmar Economic Corridor

　　(13) China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

　　(14) East Thailand Economic Corridor

　　(15) Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation

　　(16) European Union Pan-European Transport Network

　　(17) Europe-Caucasus-Asia Transport Corridor

　　(18) Zhongbai Industrial Park

　　(19) International North-South Transport Corridor

　　(20) Lake Victoria-Mediterranean sea route connection plan

　　(21) Port Lamu-South Sudan-Ethiopia traffic channel

　　(22) Malaysian-China Guan Dan Industrial Park

　　(23) China-Nepal crosses the Himalayan three-dimensional interconnection network and the China-Nepal cross-border railway.

　　(24) New Eurasian Continental Bridge

　　(25) China-Singapore (Chongqing) strategic interconnection demonstration project: a new channel for international land and sea trade.

　　(26) North Africa Passage (connecting Mombasa Port with countries in the Great Lakes region of Africa and the Pan-African Highway)

　　(27) Cairo-Cape Town North-South Passage

　　(28) Port of Piraeus

　　(29) Ethiopia-Port Sudan Railway Interconnection

　　(30) Indonesia Regional Comprehensive Economic Corridor

　　(31) Suez Canal Economic Zone

　　(32) North sea route cargo transportation

　　(33) Trans-Pacific submarine optical cable

　　(34) Vietnam’s development plan of "two corridors and one circle"

　　(35) China-Tajikistan-Uzbekistan International Highway

　　Ii. initiatives and platforms for multilateral cooperation in professional fields:

　　(1) Advisory Committee of the "Belt and Road" International Cooperation Summit Forum

　　(2) "One Belt, One Road" Alliance of International Scientific Organizations

　　(3) Clean Silk Road Beijing Initiative

　　(4) Belt and Road energy partnership

　　(5) "One Belt, One Road" tax collection and management cooperation mechanism

　　(6) "One Belt, One Road" news cooperation alliance

　　(7) The Belt and Road International Think Tank Cooperation Committee

　　(8) "Digital Silk Road" initiative

　　(9) Guiding Principles for Financing of the Belt and Road Initiative

　　(10) International Silk Road Academy of Sciences

　　(11) The Belt and Road International Alliance for Green Development

　　(12) Joint Statement on Further Promoting the Pragmatic Cooperation of Intellectual Property Rights in the Belt and Road Countries

　　(13) China-EU Joint Working Group on Train Transportation

　　(14) Ningbo Initiative on Maritime Silk Road Port Cooperation

　　III. Other initiatives and initiatives mentioned by the participants:

　　(1) African continental free trade agreement

　　(2) Forum of Ancient Civilizations initiated by Greece.

　　(3) The 27th APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting to be held in Chile in 2019.

　　(4) China-Belarus "Belt and Road" Special Forum

　　(5) Mongolia and other interested countries set up "Belt and Road" channels at land and airport ports.

　　(6) The First Global Forum of Mayors of the Silk Road Countries in Kazakhstan in 2018

　　(7) Global Silk Road Award initiated by Kazakhstan.

　　(8) Mongolia proposes to reward diplomats and young scholars who promote the Belt and Road cooperation.

　　(9) Pan-Arab Free Trade Agreement

　　(10) 25th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to be held in Santiago, Chile in 2019.

　　(11) Sustainable Blue Economy Conference held in Kenya in 2018

　　(12) United Nations Convention on International Reconciliation Agreements Arising from Mediation

　　(13) The United Nations World Tourism Organization International Conference on Silk Road Tourism held in Greece in 2018.

　　(14) World Forum for Intercultural Dialogue under the framework of Baku Process.

　　(15) World Youth Forum held in Egypt in 2018.

In the face of the 12 words of Premier Zhou, the West has never forgotten it.

The west’s malice towards the new China was quite obvious in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. In the face of western malice, let’s see how Premier Zhou responded wittily.

First, "Prostitutes in China are in Taiwan Province Province of China"-Dealing with the difficulties of Western journalists

Premier Zhou Enlai’s talent made us admire deeply. The following questions and answers are not prepared in advance and are unpredictable in advance. Premier Zhou not only answered skillfully, but almost immediately after the other party had finished speaking. You can’t do this without excellent quality.

A western reporter asked Premier Zhou: "Excuse me, Mr. Premier, are there any prostitutes in China now?" Many people wonder: how to ask such a question? Everyone is concerned about Premier Zhou’s answer. Premier Zhou affirmed: "Yes!" The audience was in uproar and there were many comments.

Premier Zhou saw everyone’s doubts and added: "The prostitutes in China are in Taiwan Province Province of China." Suddenly the applause thundered.

The reporter’s question was very vicious. He set a trap for Premier Zhou. After the liberation of China, all brothels in the mainland were closed, and the original prostitutes have been transformed into self-reliant workers. The reporter thought: If you ask the question "Are there any prostitutes in China", Zhou Enlai will definitely say "No".

Once you really answer like this, you will be trapped by him. He will immediately say "There are prostitutes in Taiwan Province". At this time, you can’t say "Taiwan Province is not China’s territory". This is the insidious part of this question. Of course, Premier Zhou saw through his tricks at a glance, and this answer not only saw through the sinister intentions of western journalists, but also reflected the good social atmosphere in the mainland. Premier Zhou considered the problem carefully and carefully, and at the same time he was quick-witted. It’s hard not to admire him!

Second, "This handkerchief can’t be washed clean any more"-dealing with American journalists’ difficulties

During the Geneva meeting, an American journalist first took the initiative to shake hands with Zhou Enlai, but Premier Zhou didn’t refuse out of courtesy, but he didn’t expect that the reporter had just finished shaking hands and suddenly said loudly, "How can I shake hands with the militants in China? Really shouldn’t! I really shouldn’t! " Then he took out his handkerchief and kept wiping the hand he had just shaken with Zhou Enlai, and then stuffed it into his trouser pocket. At this time, many people were watching to see how Premier Zhou handled it.

Zhou Enlai frowned briefly. He also took out a handkerchief from his pocket, swept it in his hand a few times at will, then walked to the corner and threw it into the trash can. He said, "This handkerchief will never be cleaned again."

Although China and the United States were in a hostile state at that time, Premier Zhou’s consistent thinking was to separate those in power from ordinary Americans. It’s unkind to frown at the negotiating table. But outside the meeting, he is a master of United front, trying to do his work as much as possible, trying to exert a subtle influence. He has always been friendly to ordinary Americans, including journalists. Therefore, when the American journalist offered to shake hands with Premier Zhou, Premier Zhou did not refuse.

However, it seems that this reporter is purely trying to embarrass Premier Zhou, otherwise he would not take the initiative to shake hands and then wipe his hands with a handkerchief in remorse. Premier Zhou won’t realize that he will do this before he wipes his hands. At that time, there were many people in the lobby, depending on whether Premier Zhou could get off the stage or not. So Premier Zhou also took out a handkerchief to wipe his hands.

Please note that the difference between them is that the reporter still put the handkerchief back into his trouser pocket after wiping his hands, while Premier Zhou threw the handkerchief into the trash can after wiping his hands. Premier Zhou means: Your handkerchief can still be used, and my handkerchief is contaminated with your germs after being wiped. You shameless little man’s germs can never be cleaned again, so I threw it into the trash can.

Third, "We all betrayed our respective classes"-to the Soviet Union

On one occasion, Premier Zhou Enlai was invited to visit the Soviet Union. When meeting with Khrushchev, Premier Zhou criticized his revisionist policy.

The cunning Khrushchev did not answer directly, but stimulated Premier Zhou on the sensitive class origin at that time. He said: "Your criticism is very good, but you should agree that I came from the working class, while you came from the bourgeoisie." The implication is that Premier Zhou spoke from the standpoint of the bourgeoisie. Premier Zhou paused for a moment and then calmly replied, "Yes, Comrade Khrushchev, but at least we have one thing in common, that is, we both betrayed our respective classes."

No matter what occasion Premier Zhou meets, he can handle it with superhuman wisdom, and opponents can’t take advantage of it. He confessed that "we all betrayed our respective classes" and unexpectedly turned the poisonous arrow shot by Khrushchev and shot at Hepburn.

As soon as this statement came out, it was immediately circulated as a beautiful talk in various countries where communist party was in power.

Fourth, "there are flies in the toilet"

After the "September 13" incident, the Soviet ambassador found Premier Zhou and asked in a strange way: "Comrade Premier, I heard that an earth-shattering event happened in China recently?"

Premier Zhou calmly replied, "It’s nothing serious. It’s just that a tree fell in the forest and a leaf fell on a tree."

The Soviet ambassador pretended to be concerned and said, "According to authoritative sources, the impact of this incident on China is extremely unfavorable!"

The Prime Minister replied: "On the contrary, a cancer disappears automatically on the body, which is beneficial and harmless."

The Soviet ambassador was a little annoyed: "Comrade Premier, there is something I have wanted to say for a long time. You have repeatedly called us social imperialism in the world and made us stink worse than toilets. That being the case, may I ask: Your Deputy Commander Lin is below one person and above 10,000 people in China, why do you want to defect to our Soviet Union? " Premier Zhou sneered: "It is because the toilet stinks that flies like that place. Since the ambassador understands this truth, why bother asking? " The Soviet ambassador was rendered speechless.

After the news that Lin Biao defected to the Soviet Union came out, some hostile elements in the world gloated. Sino-Soviet relations deteriorated seriously at that time. When the Soviet ambassador met with the Prime Minister, he deliberately wanted to see a good show and embarrassed Premier Zhou. When he saw that beating around the bush could not achieve his goal, he laid out the so-called "trump card", expecting that Premier Zhou would have nothing to say. As a result, Premier Zhou turned his back on him and put the Soviet ambassador in a very awkward position.

V. "We are taking the socialist road"

Foreign journalists asked Premier Zhou Enlai with malicious intent: "In China, why do you call it’ the road’ when it is obvious that people take it?" Premier Zhou replied without thinking: "We are taking the Marxist road, which is called the road for short."

This reporter’s intention is to compare Chinese to cattle and horses, and they go the same way. If you really answer him from the source of the name "road", even if it is correct, it is meaningless. Premier Zhou interpreted the word "horse" as Marxism, which was probably unexpected by this reporter.

6. "Chinese bowed his head because he worked hard."

When the American delegation visited China, an official once said in front of Premier Zhou, "Chinese likes to walk with our heads down, but we Americans always walk with our heads up." Premier Zhou took his time and said with a smile: "This is not surprising. Because we in Chinese like to go uphill, and you Americans like to go downhill. "

The words of American officials obviously contain insults to Chinese. China staff present were very angry, but it was difficult to strongly reprimand each other for their rudeness because they were on diplomatic occasions. If you submit to humiliation and let the other side humiliate you, what is the national prestige? Premier Zhou’s answer taught Americans what it means to be soft and tough, but it was the Americans themselves who were embarrassed and embarrassed in the end.

Seven, "what I used was captured by the US military."

An American journalist happened to see an American Parker pen on Premier Zhou’s desk. The reporter asked in a somewhat sarcastic tone: "Excuse me, Prime Minister, why do you want to use our American-made pens in Chinese?"

After hearing this, Premier Zhou said humorously, "It’s a long story to talk about this pen. It’s an anti-American trophy from a North Korean friend and was given to me as a gift. I refuse to accept the reward without merit. North Korean friends said, stay as a souvenir. I thought it was meaningful, so I left this pen in your country. " Hearing this, the American reporter suddenly became speechless.

What do you mean, drop a rock on your own feet? This is a typical case.

The reporter’s original intention was to dig at Premier Zhou: Why can’t you even produce better pens in Chinese, but you have to import them from our United States? As a result, Premier Zhou said that it was a trophy of the Korean battlefield, which made the reporter lose face.

Eight, "eat fascism together"

Premier Zhou hosted a banquet in honor of foreign guests. A soup dish was served, and the winter bamboo shoots were carved according to the national patterns, which happened to turn over in the soup and become a symbol of fascism. The foreign guests were shocked to see this.

Premier Zhou was also surprised by this, but he immediately explained calmly: "This is not a sign of fascism! This is a pattern in our China tradition. Reading’ Wan’ symbolizes’ long life’ and is a good wish for our guests! " Then he said humorously, "It doesn’t matter even if it is a fascist symbol! Let’s all destroy fascism together and eat it! " After saying his word, the host and guest laughed, and the atmosphere became more enthusiastic. This soup was also drunk by the guests.

The appearance of fascist symbols in diplomatic occasions can easily lead to diplomatic disputes, especially in countries that have been ravaged by fascism. They are disgusted to see such symbols.

Premier Zhou’s explanation dispelled their misunderstanding in time, but what is amazing is that Premier Zhou used the topic to call on everyone to wipe out fascism and eat that dish. Such a passive scene, which was countered by Premier Zhou, played an active role in the banquet atmosphere.

Nine, "18 yuan 8 Angle 8 points"

A western reporter said, "Excuse me, how much money does the People’s Bank of China have?" Zhou Enlai said euphemistically: "The monetary funds of the People’s Bank of China are 80 cents and 80 cents in 18 yuan." When he saw that everyone was puzzled, he explained: "China People’s Bank issued 10 kinds of main and auxiliary RMB with denominations of 10 yuan, 5 yuan, 2 yuan, L yuan, 50 cents, 20 cents, L angle, 5 cents, 2 cents and 1 cent, totaling 8 cents and 8 cents in 18 yuan …"

Premier Zhou held a press conference to introduce China’s achievements in construction. There are two possibilities for this reporter to raise such a question: one is to laugh at China’s poverty, poor strength and empty treasury; One is to spy out economic information. Premier Zhou also showed extraordinary wit and talent in high-level diplomatic occasions, which impressed people.

X. "Yes, casting pearls before swine"

During the Chongqing negotiations, the negotiators of the Kuomintang government could not accept the peace agreement proposed by Zhou Enlai as the chief negotiator. An official growled angrily at our representative: "Talk to the cow!" Zhou Enlai poised, slowly replied: "Yes, casting pearls before swine."

When the Kuomintang official said "casting pearls before swine", he meant to belittle the level of the negotiators in communist party. However, Zhou Enlai returned the original words, but these four words only paused after the word "right" and became two broken sentences, comparing the remarks of the Kuomintang officials to "casting pearls before swine". Do you think it will never stop?

XI. "Answering mikoyan in English"

Premier Zhou stopped by Moscow on his way back from a meeting in Geneva. At a reception held in his honor, he made a toast to the Soviets in English.

Then mikoyan complained, "Zhou, why don’t you speak Russian? Your Russian is very good! " . Premier Zhou still replied in English: "mikoyan, it’s time for you to learn Chinese." Mikoyan complained: "Chinese is too difficult to learn." As soon as this was said, Premier Zhou said briskly, "Never mind, come back to our embassy next time and we will be very happy to teach you."

Mikoyan’s complaint was obviously unfriendly. Premier Zhou’s method was to ignore it first, prompting mikoyan to tell the reason why he didn’t learn Chinese. Mikoyan really took the bait, and Premier Zhou asked him to come to the embassy to send someone to teach him Chinese and put him in the position of a student.

Twelve, "this mountain closely connects our two countries."

Premier Zhou held a press conference in Kathmandu. The American reporters present deliberately took the maps published by China and Nepal, pointing out that the drawing of the border between the two countries on Mount Everest was inconsistent, and asked: "Has a decision been made in this meeting? What you just said means that China and Nepal will share this mountain equally. Does Nepal agree? "

Zhou Enlai immediately replied: "It doesn’t matter to share equally. Of course, we have to have friendly consultations. This mountain closely connects our two countries, not what you said! "

The border issue is a sensitive issue. American journalists’ questions are both provocative and trap. A simple answer of yes or no will fall into the trap.

Premier Zhou saw through his sinister intentions and changed "equal share" to "connection", which showed China’s basic policy of solving border problems with neighboring countries and emphasized the policy of good neighborliness and friendship, which made American journalists greatly disappointed.

Suqian BMW i4 price reduction information, the lowest price is 305,200! There are plenty of cars.

[car home Suqian Preferential Promotion Channel] Recently, Suqian’s models are undergoing preferential activities, with the highest discount reaching 159,500 yuan and the lowest starting price of only 305,200 yuan. If you are interested in buying a BMW i4, you may wish to seize this rare opportunity and click "Check Car Price" in the quotation form to get a higher discount.

宿迁宝马i4降价信息，最低售价30.52万！现车充足

BMW i4 has a unique front face design, with a closed air intake grille and sharp LED headlights, showing a strong sense of movement. The body lines are smooth, and the overall style is simple and dynamic, which shows the modernity and technology of this model.

宿迁宝马i4降价信息，最低售价30.52万！现车充足

The body size of BMW i4 is 4785*1852*1455mm, the wheelbase is 2856mm, the front tread is 1601mm and the rear tread is 1630mm. Its side lines are smooth, with 18-inch rims, the front tyre size is 245/45 R18, and the rear tyre size is 255/45 R18, showing a sporty and fashionable design style.

宿迁宝马i4降价信息，最低售价30.52万！现车充足

The interior design of BMW i4 is simple without losing the sense of technology. The center console is equipped with a 14.9-inch high-definition touch screen, which supports multimedia system, navigation, telephone, air conditioning and other functions, thus enhancing the intelligence of driving experience. The steering wheel is wrapped in leather, which feels excellent and supports manual adjustment up and down and back and forth, which is convenient for the driver to adjust to the most comfortable position. In addition, the car is also equipped with USB and Type-C charging interfaces, two in the front row and two in the back row, ensuring convenient charging requirements. The seats are made of a variety of materials, providing the choices of imitation leather, genuine leather and leather /Alcantara mix and match to meet the needs of different consumers. The main and auxiliary seats have rich adjustment functions, including front and back adjustment, backrest adjustment, height adjustment, leg rest adjustment and lumbar support adjustment, which ensure the comfort and adaptability of the seats. The front seats are also equipped with heating function, which further enhances the driving experience. The power seat memory function is set in the driver’s seat, which is convenient for the driver to quickly restore the seat settings. The rear seats support proportional reclining, which increases the flexibility of luggage space.

宿迁宝马i4降价信息，最低售价30.52万！现车充足

BMW i4 is equipped with a high-efficiency electric engine with a maximum power of 210 kW and a maximum torque of 400 Nm, which provides the vehicle with strong power output and excellent driving experience.

His evaluation reflects the unique charm of BMW i4. He thinks that the configuration parameters of I series models are almost the same, but i4 has become his first choice because of its personality and imported status. He especially appreciates the design of big nostrils, which always attracts people’s attention when driving on the street, and some people even guess that the price is as high as 600 thousand, which makes him quite proud.

How many levels are there in a double line？ Introduction to the double line level.

There are 37 levels in a double trip. Please follow me to continue reading the detailed levels.

Chapter I There are five small passes in the shack.

Chapter 2 There are five small passes in the tree.

Third, the third level Ross’s room has ten small levels.

Chapter IV The cuckoo clock has three small passes.

Chapter V Snow Ball has four levels.

Chapter VI There are five small passes in the garden.

Chapter VII There are five small levels in the attic, and the last one is the grand finale of the whole article.

How much is the latest quotation from Volkswagen Magotan？

　　Volkswagen 4S store clearance crazy promotion festival activities, all the new Volkswagen Magotan in the store give back to new and old customers at the group purchase price. In order to complete the sales task of manufacturers and obtain the factory rebate, the store is authorized by the manufacturers to sell to the whole country. There are 2020 models of Volkswagen Magotan (national six) full-line preferential promotion (brand-new commercial vehicles in the last two months), with a maximum comprehensive discount of 45,000. Now there are enough cars in the store, with complete colors, which are sold nationwide, and none. Vehicle conformity certificate, PDI test certificate, maintenance manual, three-guarantee certificate) can be used all over the country, and it is guaranteed nationwide, providing pick-up service. All procedures go with the car, and there is a gift package worth 15,800 yuan to buy a car. There are no additional conditions when you come to the store to buy a car. Welcome all riders to discuss it in detail! Considering that foreign riders have a long journey to buy a car, all riders who come to our store to buy a car successfully will be reimbursed for their one-way fare (2,000 yuan to include air tickets, train tickets and buses) [see the contact number of the 4S shop at the bottom of the news]

series car make and model Guide price (ten thousand) Preferential price (ten thousand) Preferential price (ten thousand) Current vehicle condition Volkswagen Magotan 2020 280TSIDSG Comfort Type 18.69 ↓ 30-40 thousand Negotiate the lowest price There are plenty of cars. Volkswagen Magotan 2020 280TSIDSG Leading Model 20.99 ↓ 40-50 thousand Negotiate the lowest price There are plenty of cars. Volkswagen Magotan 2020 330TSI DSG Leading Model 21.99 ↓ 40-50 thousand Negotiate the lowest price There are plenty of cars. Volkswagen Magotan 2020 330TSI DSG luxury model 23.39 ↓ 40-50 thousand Negotiate the lowest price There are plenty of cars. Volkswagen Magotan 2020 330TSI DSG distinguished model 25.89 ↓ 40-50 thousand Negotiate the lowest price There are plenty of cars. Volkswagen Magotan 2020 380TSI DSG luxury model 24.99 ↓ 40-50 thousand Negotiate the lowest price There are plenty of cars. Volkswagen Magotan 2020 380TSI DSG distinguished model 26.99 ↓ 40-50 thousand Negotiate the lowest price There are plenty of cars. Volkswagen Magotan 2020 380TSI DSG flagship model 30.99 ↓ 40-50 thousand Negotiate the lowest price There are plenty of cars.

　　Gift package content: explosion-proof membrane, fender, carpet, perfume, handle cover, rain shield, car clothes, headrest, pillow, seat cover, car hanger, car Bluetooth, chassis guard, welcome pedal, tire cleaner, leather seat, driving recorder, tripod, fire extinguisher, steering wheel lock, DVD navigation, reversing radar [see the contact number of 4S shop at the bottom of the news]

　　There are not many changes in the new Magotan in the mid-term, but it is innovative. Younger front air intake grille and lower enclosure, brand-new wheels, and front and rear headlight groups have all undergone considerable changes, and the whole style has moved closer to sports youthfulness. All-LED Matrix matrix headlight group, including internal and external dual modules, flowing steering, 12+32 independently controlled LED light source, etc., has a certain improvement in lighting effect compared with the old models. [Check the contact number of the 4S shop at the bottom of the news]