Basic Biology of Macrophages: From Origin to Function

Written by: immune meow with picky eaters

Source: gossip Immunology

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Macrophages (English name: Macrophages, abbreviated M) are immune cells widely distributed in blood and tissues of the whole body.Macrophages can devour and kill intracellular parasites, bacteria, tumor cells, as well as self-aging and abnormal cells, and play an important role in immune defense, immune homeostasis and immune monitoring.Macrophages are a kind of phagocytes and belong to monocyte system.
 
Macrophages have been a hot research object for a long time because of their diversity and heterogeneity in tissue distribution.
 

one

The origin of macrophages
 

The evolution of species diversity and struggle for existence have produced a complex host defense system, which relies on natural immunity, first single-celled eukaryotes, and then adaptive immunity in tissues and developing eukaryotes. Natural immunity was first expounded at the end of 19th century, and Elie Metchnikoff introduced the word "macrophage", which means "macro = big and phage = eater”。 Monocytes/macrophages are a small group of white blood cells determined by their location, phenotype, morphology and gene expression profile.

Monocytes account for 4-10% of nucleated cells in normal peripheral blood. In blood, the half-life of monocytes is less than 20 hours. For many years, it has been assumed that macrophages are completely differentiated from circulating monocytes, but the recent morphological and functional differences between these cells refute this hypothesis.

Recent research evidence shows that macrophages in most adult tissues are sown before birth, and during embryonic development, they are transferred from.yolk sacIt has the ability of self-renewal and is maintained independently of monocytes. In addition,Each organ has its own unique combination of embryos and adult macrophages..

Embryonic macrophages participate in tissue reconstruction, while adult macrophages mainly assist host defense. In addition to these differences, we also observed that embryonic macrophages and adult macrophages coexist in many different organs.

2

Tissue distribution of different macrophages   

According to their anatomical location and functional phenotype, macrophages can be divided intoMicroglial cellosteoclastpm, spleen tissue cells and interstitial connective tissue, liver interstitial connective tissue and kupffer cells.

There are also different types of macrophages in the intestine, which have different phenotypes and functions, but work together to maintain tolerance to normal intestinal flora and oral antigens.

There are also different numbers of macrophages in the secondary lymphoid organs, including macrophages in the marginal area of spleen, which inhibit the natural immunity and adaptive immunity to apoptotic cells, and sinus macrophages under the capsule of lymph nodes, which remove the virus in lymph and start the antiviral immune response.

differentMacrophages exist in immune immune immune sites., such as the brain, eyes and testicles, these parts are inTissue remodelinganddynamic balancePlay a central role. These tissue-specific macrophages devour dead cells, debris, foreign antigens and materials, organize the inflammatory process, and recruit more macrophages as needed.

three

Plasticity and polarization
 

Macrophages are remarkable plastic cells, which can be obtained fromConversion from one phenotype to another.. Macrophage polarization is a process. Macrophages show specific phenotypes and make functional responses to microenvironment stimuli and signals encountered in each specific tissue.

Local cytokine environment can localize macrophage polarization. The two subsets of macrophages with different functions include classic activated or inflammatory (M1) and alternately activated or anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. This phenomenon of these two different M1/M2 phenotypes is called.Macrophage polarization.

M1 macrophageIt is usually induced by the recognition of Th1 cytokines (such as IFN-γ and T NF-α) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These macrophages produce and secrete high levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23 and COX-2, while the level of IL-10 is low.

Functionally, M1 macrophages participate in the elimination of pathogens during infection by activating nicotinamide adenine phosphodinucleotide (NADPH) oxidase system and then producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, M1 macrophages have strong anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities, mediating tissue damage caused by reactive oxygen species, damaging tissue regeneration and wound healing. In order to prevent this kind of tissue damage, the anti-inflammatory effect of M2 macrophages inhibits the chronic inflammatory reaction by regulating the mechanism.

M2 macrophageSTAT6 is activated by IL-4 receptor α(IL-4Rα) and polarized by Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, which has anti-inflammatory effect. Besides IL-4 and IL-13, cytokines such as IL-10 can also regulate M2 polarization by activating STAT 3 through IL-10 receptor (IL-10 R).

IL-33It is a cytokine related to Th2 in IL-1 family and can induce M2 polarization. It is characterized by up-regulating arginase-1(arg-1), CCL 17 and CCL 24, thus mediating pulmonary eosinophilia and airway inflammation.

IL-21It is another Th2-related cytokine that drives M2 polarization. M2 macrophages have the characteristics of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are characterized by low production of IL-12 and high production of IL-10 and TGF-β.

Functionally, M2 macrophages have strong phagocytosis, which can remove debris and apoptotic cells, promote tissue repair and wound healing, and promote angiogenesis and fibrosis. Therefore, generally speaking, M2 cells participate in Th2 response and parasite clearance, inhibit inflammation, promote tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, immune regulation, tumor formation and progress.

However, the M1/M2 phenotype does not reflect different phenotypic subsets of macrophages. According to the activation stimulus received, M2 macrophages can be further divided into four types.M2A, M2B, M2C and M2DDifferent subgroups of the composition.

M2aMacrophage subsets can be induced by IL-4 and IL-13, producing high levels of CD206, bait receptor IL-1 receptor II(IL-RII) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA).

Immune complex (ICs) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists or IL-1 receptor ligands can induce M2b subgroup.M2bMacrophages simultaneously produce anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6 and α-α.

M2cCells were induced by glucocorticoid and IL-10, and showed strong anti-inflammatory effect on apoptotic cells by releasing a large amount of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β.

Finally, TLR agonist induced the fourth M2 macrophage through adenosine receptor agonist.M2d.

The activated receptor of adenosine then inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, induces anti-inflammatory secretion of cytokines (high IL-10, low IL-12) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEG F), thus providing a drug withTumor associated macrophages (TAMS)The angiogenic characteristics of the characteristic. M2 macrophages exposed to M1 signal, or conversely, induced differentiated macrophages to "repolarize" or "reprogram" is another evidence that they have high functional plasticity and can potentially pursue therapeutic goals.

four

hugeMigration of phagocytes

Monocytes and macrophages migrate to the site of inflammation or injury to eliminate the initial inflammatory signal and ultimately promote wound healing and tissue repair.

This process is mainly initiated by pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs) (released from invasive pathogens) and damage-related molecular patterns (DAMPs) (released from damaged or dead cells to cope with infection and injury).

In addition, antigen can activate memory T cells in tissues through secretion.manyInflammatory cytokines and chemokines are used to trigger the recruitment of macrophages. Chemokines directly participate in the migration and activation of monocytes through endothelium, and monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 (MCP-1) is a monocyte chemotactic factor, which participates in the occurrence of inflammation and induces monocyte chemotaxis and migration by interacting with CC chemotactic factor 2(CCR2) on monocytes. MCP-1 is mainly secreted by activated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), monocytes and T cells. MCP-1, together with IL-8 or CXC ligand -8(CXCL-8), can trigger the firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelial cells under blood flow conditions. Monocyte adhesion and migration across endothelium through activated venule wall is a basic immune response, which depends on the expression of adhesion molecules of chemical mediators on the surface of vein endothelium.

These adhesion molecules belong to four families:SelectinIntegrinImmunoglobulin superfamilyandMucin-like glycoprotein.

five

Antigen presentation

Antigen presenting cells, mainly macrophages, are the outposts of the immune system that starts and regulates immune response. An important feature of macrophage biology is the capture, endocytosis and expression of self or foreign antigens, which providesThe connection between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

Macrophages reside in surrounding organs, where they monitor surrounding tissues for invading pathogens. They alert the immune system to the presence of pathogens by engulfing them, processing their antigens and presenting peptide fragments that bind to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. After antigen treatment, macrophages migrate to T cells and stimulate them. Activated macrophages express high levels of costimulatory molecules and antigen presenting molecules on their surfaces, such as CD 80, CD 86 and MHCⅠ ⅰ and ⅱ molecules. Mixed Leukocyte/Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) is used as a basic test for determining the function of macrophages, because it measures the proliferation ability of macrophages to allogeneic T cell populations.

six

Production of cytokine and chemokines

Interleukin is a kind of cytokine, which is involved in inducing adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), angiogenic factors and signal pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kB) and signal transduction and transcription activator (STAS) involved in tumor invasion and angiogenesis.

Activation of M1 macrophages can induce proinflammatory cytokines., including TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18 and IL-23; Produce nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNS;; Antigen presentation; Expression of CC chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5; Promoting T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses provides an effective mechanism for killing.

Obviously, M1 and M2 macrophages have different chemokine profiles, while M1 macrophages expressing Th1 cell chemokines, such as CXCL9 and CXCL10.

M2 macrophages express chemokines.CCL17, CCL18, CCL22 and CCL 24. M1 macrophages express inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and together with costimulatory molecules CD 40, CD 80 and CD 86, they up-regulate MHCⅡ class II molecules to promote cytotoxic adaptive immunity.

M1 macrophages express Th1- and Th17- polarized cytokines IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and Th1- aggregation chemokines CXCL 9, CXCL 10 and CXCL 11. On the contrary, M2 macrophages support the resolution of inflammation by transferring gene expression to anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10, TGF-β, IL-1R1Ⅱ and IL-1Ra. M2 macrophages also express a large number of endogenous receptors, including scavenger receptor CD 163, stabilizer -1 and type C lectin receptor CD 206, CD 301, Dectin-1 and CD 209. In addition, M2 macrophages recruit Th2, regulatory T cells (Tregs), eosinophils and basophils by secreting chemokines such as CCL 17, CCL 18, CCL 22 and CCL 24..

seven

Macrophage apoptosis

Apoptosis is a normal, physiological and necessary process of cell selection and survival, eliminating and removing unnecessary cells, such as aging, damaged, genetic mutation and virus-infected cells; In fact, anti-apoptosis can promote malignant transformation of normal cells.

At present, it is known that macrophage apoptosis is related to various stages of the disease related to the decline of pathogen activity, which can be regarded as a natural immune defense mechanism and strategy for the host to limit infection against intracellular pathogens.

On the contrary, many cellsPathogens have the ability to kill infected cells., destroy the host pathway, inhibit cell apoptosis, leading to necrosis. This strategy can makePathogens escape the host’s immunity and infect other nearby or distant cells.. These apoptotic infected cells also provide a link between innate immunity and acquired immunity. When professional APCs absorb apoptotic vesicles, this connection begins when bacterial products and pathogenic antigens enhance T cell activation. Similarly,Pathogens inhibit apoptosis and promote necrosis.It also impairs the presentation of bacterial antigens, which may be the mechanism of immune escape.

In atherosclerosis, macrophages die by reducing the number of cells in the lesion, which is beneficial to reduce the lesion area. In the progress of atherosclerosis and other diseases, the phagocytosis of M2 macrophages solves the problem of apoptosis and its adverse effects. This unique functional feature of M2 macrophage is caused byHigh level of scavenger receptorExpress support.

Macrophages phagocytize debris, injured cells, dead cells and apoptotic cells, and inhibit macrophages from producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin -1β, interleukin -6 and interleukin -8. The mechanism involves autocrine or paracrine of transforming growth factor -β(TGF-β), thus inhibiting further recruitment of monocytes and macrophages.

In addition, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory IL-12, IL-23 and IL-27 and stimulates the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10.

By limiting the phagocytosis of local inflammation, it can also protect tissues from harmful pro-inflammatory reactions, death, injury and the immunogenic content of dead cells, and throughNecrosis after apoptosis to protect the growth of lesions.

In the late stage of atherosclerosis, the phagocytic function of apoptotic cells is seriously damaged, which leads to the aggregation of macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, which eventually blocks the decomposition of inflammation and promotes local necrosis, inflammatory state and plaque instability.

Understanding the exact mechanism of pathogen inhibiting apoptosis can avoid natural immunity and adaptive immunity, which provides a new strategy for optimizing treatment. The idea of manipulating the host or bacterial pathway to induce more cell apoptosis, "apoptosis-promoting therapy", may help to produce a more effective immune response.

eight

Macrophage metabolism

Recent evidence shows that metabolism plays an important role in the formation of macrophages and the obvious polarization phenotype. Under normal, physiological and pathological conditions, macrophages face an oxygen gradient.Macrophages adapt to hypoxia by shifting their metabolic pathways to glycolysis.. In addition, the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)-1 and -2 caused profound functional changes, including the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors, such as CXC chemokine 4(CXCR 4), CXCL 12, angiogenesis factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(Biswas and Mantovani, 2012; Orihuela et al., 2016). Therefore, macrophages help to coordinate the response of tissues to oxygen gradient and hypoxia conditions.

Macrophages M1 and M2 can obviously regulate the metabolism of glucose, amino acids, iron and folic acid.After macrophage activation, its metabolic pathway changes from oxidation to glycolysis.solve. Under the action of M1 stimuli (such as LPS, Th1 cytokines and IL-12), they showed a metabolic transformation to anaerobic glycolytic pathway, while M2 stimuli (such as IL-4 and IL-13) had little effect. Macrophages activated by IFN-γ and L-PS are often associated with acute infection, so it is necessary to trigger strong antimicrobial activity quickly in hypoxic microenvironment. In this case, the anaerobic process such as glycolysis is the best way when energy is needed. Interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide strongly induce glucose uptake and inhibit fatty acid uptake and oxidation. Therefore, glycolysis metabolism is enhanced and mitochondrial activity is decreased.

On the contrary,M2 macrophage functions, such as wound healing and tissue repair, need continuous energy supply.. This requirement is made byGlucose oxidative metabolism and fatty acid oxidationProvided, andFatty acid oxidation is the most important metabolic pathway of M2 macrophages.. M2 macrophage has the characteristics of high mitochondrial activity and oxidative phosphorylation. They show enhanced respiratory activity based on fatty acid β oxidation. Both metabolic pathways are up-regulated in the process of macrophage activation, but glycolysis is the main metabolic pathway, which can produce DNA and cell membrane synthesis substrates and promote the growth and differentiation of monocytes. It is another possibility of glycolytic metastasis of M1 macrophages to produce rapid and optimal response at the infected site.

In addition, the accumulation of citric acid in M1 macrophages is essential for the production of pro-inflammatory mediators NO, ROS, RNS and prostaglandin. Another important aspect is the metabolism of amino acids closely related to the functional phenotype of macrophages. M1 macrophages are characterized by the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).The production of NO is an important anti-microbial effect. M1 macrophages are active, while M2 macrophages do not produce NO.. On the contrary, they express high levels of Arg-1 and play a role in catalyzing the production of polyamines, which are necessary for collagen synthesis, cell proliferation, fibrosis and other tissue remodeling functions. Interestingly, the production of polyamines is reported to be the driving factor of M2 polarization.

In addition, there are significant differences in iron metabolism between M1 and M2 macrophages. Although M1 macrophages express a large number of iron storage proteins, such as ferritin, the content of iron porphyrin they express is low, and ferritin is the export of iron. Compared with M1 type macrophages, M2 type macrophages have lower ferritin content, but higher ferritin content. This different iron metabolism may be related to its function. Because iron is necessary to support the growth of bacteria, the retention of iron in M1 macrophages is a kind of bacteriostasis and supports the host’s protection against infection. On the contrary, the iron released by M2 macrophages is beneficial to tissue repair, but it can cause tumor growth and metastasis.

Metabolic adaptation is an important aspect of macrophage polarization and its functional activities.

nine

MicroRNA involved in macrophage polarization

MicroRNA plays an important role in many aspects of macrophage biology, thus affecting many biological and pathological conditions, such as monocyte differentiation and development, macrophage polarization, infection, atherosclerosis, tumor growth, inflammatory activation, cholesterol homeostasis, cell survival and proliferation, and phagocytosis.

MiRNA-24, miRNA-30b, miRNA-142-3p and miRNA-199a-5p can inhibit the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages.

M1 macrophage polarizationMiRNA-125, miRNA-146, miRNA-155, miRNA-7a/f and miRNA-378 are needed, andM2 polarizationThen miRNA-let-7c/e, miRNA-9, miRNA-21, miRNA-146, miRNA-147, miRNA-187 and miRNA-223 are needed.

In addition, miRNA-342-5p promotes NO synthesis, and IL-6 provides pro-inflammatory signals for macrophages. Although miR-21 has been proved to have both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, its anti-inflammatory effect is more prominent. MiR-155 and miR-142-3p inhibited the proliferation of macrophages compared with let-7a. MiR-155 can promote and prevent apoptosis at the same time, while miR-21 and let-7e negatively regulate the apoptosis of macrophages.

Main references

Abbas Shapouri Moghaddam,doi:10.1002/jcp.26429,2018

Thomas A. Wynn,Nature,doi:10.1038/nature12034,2013

Nicole J. Horwood,Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol,doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8519-2

In the face of the 12 words of Premier Zhou, the West has never forgotten it.

The west’s malice towards the new China was quite obvious in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. In the face of western malice, let’s see how Premier Zhou responded wittily.


First, "Prostitutes in China are in Taiwan Province Province of China"-Dealing with the difficulties of Western journalists

Premier Zhou Enlai’s talent made us admire deeply. The following questions and answers are not prepared in advance and are unpredictable in advance. Premier Zhou not only answered skillfully, but almost immediately after the other party had finished speaking. You can’t do this without excellent quality.

A western reporter asked Premier Zhou: "Excuse me, Mr. Premier, are there any prostitutes in China now?" Many people wonder: how to ask such a question? Everyone is concerned about Premier Zhou’s answer. Premier Zhou affirmed: "Yes!" The audience was in uproar and there were many comments.

Premier Zhou saw everyone’s doubts and added: "The prostitutes in China are in Taiwan Province Province of China." Suddenly the applause thundered.

The reporter’s question was very vicious. He set a trap for Premier Zhou. After the liberation of China, all brothels in the mainland were closed, and the original prostitutes have been transformed into self-reliant workers. The reporter thought: If you ask the question "Are there any prostitutes in China", Zhou Enlai will definitely say "No".

Once you really answer like this, you will be trapped by him. He will immediately say "There are prostitutes in Taiwan Province". At this time, you can’t say "Taiwan Province is not China’s territory". This is the insidious part of this question. Of course, Premier Zhou saw through his tricks at a glance, and this answer not only saw through the sinister intentions of western journalists, but also reflected the good social atmosphere in the mainland. Premier Zhou considered the problem carefully and carefully, and at the same time he was quick-witted. It’s hard not to admire him!

Second, "This handkerchief can’t be washed clean any more"-dealing with American journalists’ difficulties

During the Geneva meeting, an American journalist first took the initiative to shake hands with Zhou Enlai, but Premier Zhou didn’t refuse out of courtesy, but he didn’t expect that the reporter had just finished shaking hands and suddenly said loudly, "How can I shake hands with the militants in China? Really shouldn’t! I really shouldn’t! " Then he took out his handkerchief and kept wiping the hand he had just shaken with Zhou Enlai, and then stuffed it into his trouser pocket. At this time, many people were watching to see how Premier Zhou handled it.

Zhou Enlai frowned briefly. He also took out a handkerchief from his pocket, swept it in his hand a few times at will, then walked to the corner and threw it into the trash can. He said, "This handkerchief will never be cleaned again."

Although China and the United States were in a hostile state at that time, Premier Zhou’s consistent thinking was to separate those in power from ordinary Americans. It’s unkind to frown at the negotiating table. But outside the meeting, he is a master of United front, trying to do his work as much as possible, trying to exert a subtle influence. He has always been friendly to ordinary Americans, including journalists. Therefore, when the American journalist offered to shake hands with Premier Zhou, Premier Zhou did not refuse.

However, it seems that this reporter is purely trying to embarrass Premier Zhou, otherwise he would not take the initiative to shake hands and then wipe his hands with a handkerchief in remorse. Premier Zhou won’t realize that he will do this before he wipes his hands. At that time, there were many people in the lobby, depending on whether Premier Zhou could get off the stage or not. So Premier Zhou also took out a handkerchief to wipe his hands.

Please note that the difference between them is that the reporter still put the handkerchief back into his trouser pocket after wiping his hands, while Premier Zhou threw the handkerchief into the trash can after wiping his hands. Premier Zhou means: Your handkerchief can still be used, and my handkerchief is contaminated with your germs after being wiped. You shameless little man’s germs can never be cleaned again, so I threw it into the trash can.

Third, "We all betrayed our respective classes"-to the Soviet Union

On one occasion, Premier Zhou Enlai was invited to visit the Soviet Union. When meeting with Khrushchev, Premier Zhou criticized his revisionist policy.

The cunning Khrushchev did not answer directly, but stimulated Premier Zhou on the sensitive class origin at that time. He said: "Your criticism is very good, but you should agree that I came from the working class, while you came from the bourgeoisie." The implication is that Premier Zhou spoke from the standpoint of the bourgeoisie. Premier Zhou paused for a moment and then calmly replied, "Yes, Comrade Khrushchev, but at least we have one thing in common, that is, we both betrayed our respective classes."

No matter what occasion Premier Zhou meets, he can handle it with superhuman wisdom, and opponents can’t take advantage of it. He confessed that "we all betrayed our respective classes" and unexpectedly turned the poisonous arrow shot by Khrushchev and shot at Hepburn.

As soon as this statement came out, it was immediately circulated as a beautiful talk in various countries where communist party was in power.

Fourth, "there are flies in the toilet"

After the "September 13" incident, the Soviet ambassador found Premier Zhou and asked in a strange way: "Comrade Premier, I heard that an earth-shattering event happened in China recently?"

Premier Zhou calmly replied, "It’s nothing serious. It’s just that a tree fell in the forest and a leaf fell on a tree."

The Soviet ambassador pretended to be concerned and said, "According to authoritative sources, the impact of this incident on China is extremely unfavorable!"

The Prime Minister replied: "On the contrary, a cancer disappears automatically on the body, which is beneficial and harmless."

The Soviet ambassador was a little annoyed: "Comrade Premier, there is something I have wanted to say for a long time. You have repeatedly called us social imperialism in the world and made us stink worse than toilets. That being the case, may I ask: Your Deputy Commander Lin is below one person and above 10,000 people in China, why do you want to defect to our Soviet Union? " Premier Zhou sneered: "It is because the toilet stinks that flies like that place. Since the ambassador understands this truth, why bother asking? " The Soviet ambassador was rendered speechless.

After the news that Lin Biao defected to the Soviet Union came out, some hostile elements in the world gloated. Sino-Soviet relations deteriorated seriously at that time. When the Soviet ambassador met with the Prime Minister, he deliberately wanted to see a good show and embarrassed Premier Zhou. When he saw that beating around the bush could not achieve his goal, he laid out the so-called "trump card", expecting that Premier Zhou would have nothing to say. As a result, Premier Zhou turned his back on him and put the Soviet ambassador in a very awkward position.

V. "We are taking the socialist road"

Foreign journalists asked Premier Zhou Enlai with malicious intent: "In China, why do you call it’ the road’ when it is obvious that people take it?" Premier Zhou replied without thinking: "We are taking the Marxist road, which is called the road for short."

This reporter’s intention is to compare Chinese to cattle and horses, and they go the same way. If you really answer him from the source of the name "road", even if it is correct, it is meaningless. Premier Zhou interpreted the word "horse" as Marxism, which was probably unexpected by this reporter.

6. "Chinese bowed his head because he worked hard."

When the American delegation visited China, an official once said in front of Premier Zhou, "Chinese likes to walk with our heads down, but we Americans always walk with our heads up." Premier Zhou took his time and said with a smile: "This is not surprising. Because we in Chinese like to go uphill, and you Americans like to go downhill. "

The words of American officials obviously contain insults to Chinese. China staff present were very angry, but it was difficult to strongly reprimand each other for their rudeness because they were on diplomatic occasions. If you submit to humiliation and let the other side humiliate you, what is the national prestige? Premier Zhou’s answer taught Americans what it means to be soft and tough, but it was the Americans themselves who were embarrassed and embarrassed in the end.

Seven, "what I used was captured by the US military."

An American journalist happened to see an American Parker pen on Premier Zhou’s desk. The reporter asked in a somewhat sarcastic tone: "Excuse me, Prime Minister, why do you want to use our American-made pens in Chinese?"

After hearing this, Premier Zhou said humorously, "It’s a long story to talk about this pen. It’s an anti-American trophy from a North Korean friend and was given to me as a gift. I refuse to accept the reward without merit. North Korean friends said, stay as a souvenir. I thought it was meaningful, so I left this pen in your country. " Hearing this, the American reporter suddenly became speechless.

What do you mean, drop a rock on your own feet? This is a typical case.

The reporter’s original intention was to dig at Premier Zhou: Why can’t you even produce better pens in Chinese, but you have to import them from our United States? As a result, Premier Zhou said that it was a trophy of the Korean battlefield, which made the reporter lose face.

Eight, "eat fascism together"

Premier Zhou hosted a banquet in honor of foreign guests. A soup dish was served, and the winter bamboo shoots were carved according to the national patterns, which happened to turn over in the soup and become a symbol of fascism. The foreign guests were shocked to see this.

Premier Zhou was also surprised by this, but he immediately explained calmly: "This is not a sign of fascism! This is a pattern in our China tradition. Reading’ Wan’ symbolizes’ long life’ and is a good wish for our guests! " Then he said humorously, "It doesn’t matter even if it is a fascist symbol! Let’s all destroy fascism together and eat it! " After saying his word, the host and guest laughed, and the atmosphere became more enthusiastic. This soup was also drunk by the guests.

The appearance of fascist symbols in diplomatic occasions can easily lead to diplomatic disputes, especially in countries that have been ravaged by fascism. They are disgusted to see such symbols.

Premier Zhou’s explanation dispelled their misunderstanding in time, but what is amazing is that Premier Zhou used the topic to call on everyone to wipe out fascism and eat that dish. Such a passive scene, which was countered by Premier Zhou, played an active role in the banquet atmosphere.

Nine, "18 yuan 8 Angle 8 points"

A western reporter said, "Excuse me, how much money does the People’s Bank of China have?" Zhou Enlai said euphemistically: "The monetary funds of the People’s Bank of China are 80 cents and 80 cents in 18 yuan." When he saw that everyone was puzzled, he explained: "China People’s Bank issued 10 kinds of main and auxiliary RMB with denominations of 10 yuan, 5 yuan, 2 yuan, L yuan, 50 cents, 20 cents, L angle, 5 cents, 2 cents and 1 cent, totaling 8 cents and 8 cents in 18 yuan …"

Premier Zhou held a press conference to introduce China’s achievements in construction. There are two possibilities for this reporter to raise such a question: one is to laugh at China’s poverty, poor strength and empty treasury; One is to spy out economic information. Premier Zhou also showed extraordinary wit and talent in high-level diplomatic occasions, which impressed people.

X. "Yes, casting pearls before swine"

During the Chongqing negotiations, the negotiators of the Kuomintang government could not accept the peace agreement proposed by Zhou Enlai as the chief negotiator. An official growled angrily at our representative: "Talk to the cow!" Zhou Enlai poised, slowly replied: "Yes, casting pearls before swine."

When the Kuomintang official said "casting pearls before swine", he meant to belittle the level of the negotiators in communist party. However, Zhou Enlai returned the original words, but these four words only paused after the word "right" and became two broken sentences, comparing the remarks of the Kuomintang officials to "casting pearls before swine". Do you think it will never stop?

XI. "Answering mikoyan in English"

Premier Zhou stopped by Moscow on his way back from a meeting in Geneva. At a reception held in his honor, he made a toast to the Soviets in English.

Then mikoyan complained, "Zhou, why don’t you speak Russian? Your Russian is very good! " . Premier Zhou still replied in English: "mikoyan, it’s time for you to learn Chinese." Mikoyan complained: "Chinese is too difficult to learn." As soon as this was said, Premier Zhou said briskly, "Never mind, come back to our embassy next time and we will be very happy to teach you."

Mikoyan’s complaint was obviously unfriendly. Premier Zhou’s method was to ignore it first, prompting mikoyan to tell the reason why he didn’t learn Chinese. Mikoyan really took the bait, and Premier Zhou asked him to come to the embassy to send someone to teach him Chinese and put him in the position of a student.

Twelve, "this mountain closely connects our two countries."

Premier Zhou held a press conference in Kathmandu. The American reporters present deliberately took the maps published by China and Nepal, pointing out that the drawing of the border between the two countries on Mount Everest was inconsistent, and asked: "Has a decision been made in this meeting? What you just said means that China and Nepal will share this mountain equally. Does Nepal agree? "

Zhou Enlai immediately replied: "It doesn’t matter to share equally. Of course, we have to have friendly consultations. This mountain closely connects our two countries, not what you said! "

The border issue is a sensitive issue. American journalists’ questions are both provocative and trap. A simple answer of yes or no will fall into the trap.

Premier Zhou saw through his sinister intentions and changed "equal share" to "connection", which showed China’s basic policy of solving border problems with neighboring countries and emphasized the policy of good neighborliness and friendship, which made American journalists greatly disappointed.

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Roewe RX5 New Energy has a body size of 4655*1890*1664mm and a wheelbase of 2765mm, providing spacious interior space for passengers. The lines on the side of the car are smooth, showing a dynamic shape. The front and rear wheel tracks are 1590mm and 1584mm respectively, which ensures the stability and handling performance of the vehicle. Tyre size is unified as 225/55 R19, with fashionable rim style, which enhances the sense of movement and visual effect of the whole vehicle.

佛山荣威RX5新能源年末降价来袭,最新报价13.59万!优惠不等人

The interior design of Roewe RX5 New Energy focuses on simplicity and fashion, and the overall style focuses on the integration of comfort and technology. The steering wheel is made of leather, which feels comfortable and has the function of manual up and down+front and rear adjustment to meet the individual needs of different drivers. The central control area is equipped with a 12.3-inch central control screen, which supports the voice recognition control of multimedia system, navigation, telephone, air conditioner and skylight, providing convenient operation experience for drivers. In addition, the car is equipped with a variety of multimedia/charging interfaces such as USB, SD and Type-C, and two USB/Type-C interfaces in the front row and the rear row, which are convenient for passengers to use. The seat is made of imitation leather. The main seat has the functions of front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment and height adjustment (2-way), while the auxiliary seat has the functions of front and rear adjustment and backrest adjustment. The second row of seats supports backrest adjustment, and the rear seats can be tilted in proportion to meet different loading and riding needs.

佛山荣威RX5新能源年末降价来袭,最新报价13.59万!优惠不等人

Roewe RX5 New Energy is equipped with a 1.5T turbocharged engine with a maximum power of 138kW and a maximum torque of 300N·m, and adopts an advanced L4 engine layout. The engine is used with AMT gearbox to provide smooth power output and excellent fuel economy.

According to the owner of car home, the Roewe RX5 new energy is a ceiling, and its front face design is domineering without losing its traditional beauty. The ingenious combination of air intake grille and LED lights, coupled with the design of penetrating lights and hidden door handles, is full of science and technology, and people can recognize the uniqueness of this car at a glance.

ARCFOX polar fox is completely mad, suitable for young people

Although cars can improve the convenience of people’s travel, safety is still an unavoidable topic. Therefore, many car companies have begun to upgrade the safety of their models. Of course, for consumers, a car with complete active and passive safety configurations will be more popular. Many netizens left messages and wanted to see it. Today it came. So whether this car is a mule or a horse, let’s take a look at its actual performance.

Let’s take a look at the appearance of the polar fox koala S. The head style of the polar fox koala S looks calm and unforgettable. At the same time, the headlights present a rounded design style and look very young as a whole. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, automatic opening and closing, adaptive far and near light, delayed closing and so on. Coming to the side of the car body, the size of the car body is 4500 mm * 1870 mm * 1655 mm. The car adopts simple lines, and the car body presents a fashionable and simple design style. With large-sized thick-walled tires, the shape is quite deep. Looking back, the rear of the car looks very sharp, and the taillights give people a very streamlined feeling, which is very atmospheric.

Sitting in the car, the interior design of the polar fox koala S is very avant-garde, which is consistent with the positioning of the car. The steering wheel design of the car is very fashionable and simple, and it is made of leather, which makes the grip full and delicate. Take a look at the central control. The car is equipped with a cool touch-sensitive LCD central control screen, which makes the interior design quite layered and conforms to the mainstream aesthetics. The interior feels good. Let’s take a look at the dashboard and seats. The dashboard of this car presents a fashionable design style and looks very delicate. The car adopts leather seats, equipped with functions such as electric seat adjustment and seat proportion tilting, which further improves the comfort of drivers and passengers.

The polar fox koala s is 120KW, the total torque is 240N.m, and the maximum speed is 160 km/h.

The space in the back row of the polar fox koala S is quite spacious, and there is a certain margin in the head and legs, which can be said to be more than enough for daily use. In addition, the car is equipped with anti-lock braking (ABS), LED daytime running lights, brake assist (EBA/BAS, etc.), braking force distribution (EBD), traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.), main driver airbag, co-pilot airbag, front side airbag and other safety configurations.

This car performs well in terms of space and configuration. As for the design, everyone has everyone’s aesthetics. You might as well go offline to feel it more on weekends.

Ouyang Zhenhua’s Luck and Misfortune

Ouyang Zhenhua, the actor who was once a hit in Hong Kong’s entertainment industry, has recently suffered a series of unfortunate events. The TV series "Forensic Pioneer 4" he starred in disappeared from the hot search list during the hit broadcast, much to the disappointment of many fans. Since the premiere of "Forensic Pioneer" in 2006, the demand for criminal investigation dramas in Hong Kong has reached a peak, and the audience demand for such dramas has also grown. However, the cast change of "Forensic Pioneer 4" has caused many viewers to feel repulsive.

Ouyang Zhenhua’s development in the entertainment industry has not been smooth sailing. As a newcomer, he used to play the role of a dragon suit for a long time. Because of his fierce appearance, he often played villains such as bandits. Ouyang Zhenhua during this period can be described as ill-fated, and he was almost accidentally injured by the real police during the filming process. Fortunately, the crew explained the situation in time to avoid misunderstandings. At the same time, Ouyang Zhenhua’s friend Zhou Xingchi gradually emerged during the same period, transforming from a dragon suit to a male lead. In comparison, Ouyang Zhenhua’s fate seems quite bumpy.

However, Ouyang Zhenhua was not discouraged by this. He asked a friend for advice on how to change his fortune, and the friend suggested that he follow Wu Zhenyu and change his name for transfer. Ouyang Zhenhua followed the advice and changed his original name Ouyang Yaoquan to Ouyang Zhenhua, and indeed his fortune improved. Since then, his works have received widespread attention, and even became a guarantee of audience ratings for a while. However, the good luck did not last long. Ouyang Zhenhua encountered an accident while shooting the film and found that there were serious problems with the script, which led to the need to reshoot. This experience made him deeply regret it, and he will be more cautious when shooting works in the future.

The "Forensic Pioneer" series is undoubtedly the pinnacle of Ouyang Zhenhua’s fortune. The TV series has gained high attention in both Hong Kong and mainland China, and became a masterpiece of the year. However, when "Forensic Pioneer 4" was released, Ouyang Zhenhua failed to continue to star, which made him feel regretful. It is reported that Ouyang Zhenhua once reported the situation to his superiors due to a conflict with Lin Qian, which caused Le Yiling’s dissatisfaction and eventually caused him to lose an important role. Today, Ouyang Zhenhua can no longer continue the glory of "Forensic Pioneer", which makes people sigh at the impermanence of fate.

Despite the twists and turns of life, Ouyang Zhenhua still maintains an optimistic attitude and spends quality time with his wife. His wife, a former daughter of Stanley Ho, took the initiative to pursue him because of her admiration for his qualities, and the relationship between the two has been stable. Ouyang Zhenhua always has the support and encouragement of his wife in the face of difficulties, which is also a key factor in his ability to get through difficulties.

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The "Super King Fried" in the air conditioning industry! Xiaomi’s next-generation air conditioner is about to be released

Xiaomi announced that it will hold a new product launch event on March 29.

This conference will bring many new products such as mobile phones, home appliances, notebooks, etc. Mobile phones include Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra, Xiaomi Mi 11 Pro, and Xiaomi MIX new products. Notebooks are the new Xiaomi Notebook Pro, and home appliances are a new generation of air conditioners.

On March 25, Wang Xiaoyan, Vice President of Xiaomi Group China, preheated the new Xiaomi air conditioner.Emphasize that Xiaomi’s newly defined next-generation air conditioner will be the existence of the "super king fried" level in the air conditioner industry, please witness it together.

It is reported that,The new generation of Xiaomi air conditioners features mobile-grade process screens, and it will be the chief inspection officer for indoor air health.

The poster shows that Xiaomi’s new generation of air conditioners is equipped with a circular screen that is expected to display various parameters such as temperature, WiFi, and air quality.

At present, the Xiaomi air conditioner product line has covered on-hook and cabinet machines, and the performance ranges from one to three horses larger.Now that Xiaomi is about to launch the next generation of air conditioners, it is expected to make great efforts in the traditional home appliance industry.

Fifty years of Bloodline Awakening, the 11th generation of Civic Hatchback is about to start Bloodline Spraying Mode

In 1972, in response to the oil crisis, Soichiro personally oversaw Honda’s first family car, the CIVIC, which, with its practical and fuel-efficient skills, quickly took over the market in Japan and made its way out of Asia and into North America.

However, Honda engineers and Honda Soichiro, who were born with sports and fighting spirit, did not want CIVIC to stop at home. So, in that era, crazy engineers, through the optimization of the engine and suspension, built CIVIC into a driver’s car. Therefore, from the first generation to today’s 11th generation Civic, they not only represent Honda’s understanding of the economy of the car, but also represent Honda’s passion.

If every generation of Civic’s sedan is a clever combination of sports and practicality, then the Civic’s HATCHBACK hatchback model is the best carrier of sports high energy. In the more than ten years since the Civic entered the country, we can also see the Civic’s sportsmanship and evolving ability. In the upcoming Dongfeng Honda 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK, Honda’s sportsmanship is once again witnessed.

After half a century, the Civic hatchback pays tribute to the classics like this

Friends familiar with the development history of the Civic should know that the early generation of the Civic was actually a standard hatchback. At that time, the Civic brought driving fun beyond the sedan with its shorter body and sportier control settings. After many rounds of evolution and iteration, in order to better meet the needs of the times, the sedan Civic came into being and gradually became the mainstream. But despite this, the early hatchback version of the Civic has still become a spiritual totem in the hearts of car fans. In other words, the hatchback version of the Civic is the essence and inheritance of the entire Civic family.

Focusing on the present, the return of the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK undoubtedly inherits the glory of the Civic family for half a century. In terms of design, it can also be seen that it pays tribute to the classics. In the front part of the car, the difference between the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK and the current sedan version is not obvious, ensuring the consistency of the Civic family. But in terms of details, the designer has thought carefully about the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK. For example, in the China Network, the sedan version of the Civic uses a black horizontal bar decoration, while the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK uses a more sporty honeycomb design, which not only looks more sporty, but also further enhances the recognition of the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK.

Of course, the side is the finishing touch of the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK. The hatchback structure that fans like to see makes it inherently have a high return rate. With the current popular blackened through taillights, bilateral double exhaust layout, and large-size sports-style wheels, it greatly increases the refinement of the whole car while enhancing the sports atmosphere. The reason why it is no longer so radical may be that the existence of the Type R makes the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK closer to the exquisite trend image of the hatchback Civic itself.

Of course, refinement and trend should not be reflected only in the appearance design. So the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK also keeps pace with the times in terms of interior design, adopting the latest interior design concept of the Honda family. The new style of three steering wheels, through the cellular style air conditioner trend, floating central control large screen, large-size LCD instrument and other elements have greatly enhanced the interior of the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK with a sense of advanced and technological sense.

If you are careful enough, you will find that the designer also specially used red stitching decoration on the entire interior of the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK to highlight its uniqueness. Under the collision of red and black colors, the sports genes of the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK are undoubtedly revealed. At the same time, the blessing of technology and sports will undoubtedly further gain the favor of contemporary young people.

The true Civic spirit is constantly evolving and adapting to the times

As the saying goes: "It is easy to fight the country, but difficult to defend the country". As a classic model that has swept the world, how does the Civic always lead? We can find the answer from the past Civic.

The first-generation Civic, with its easy-to-drive and fuel-efficient characteristics, became the first choice for people’s economy in the context of the "oil crisis" of the year. For example, the third-generation Civic in 1983 created the MM concept to further meet people’s practical needs for family cars. To the eighth-generation Civic, the layered digital instrument panel exceeded all people’s imagination of the technology cockpit at that time. From this, we can draw the essence of the Civic’s evolution lies in its continuous innovation based on the needs of the times.

Nowadays, with the development of the times, the change of technology, and the change of consumer demand, the current car has become more comprehensive. Especially in terms of intelligence, it has become an important indicator that today’s consumers cannot ignore. And Honda designers who have always been good at innovation have naturally sensed the change of consumer demand, and have injected Honda’s latest intelligent configuration and technology into today’s 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK.

For example, today’s people use the car-machine interconnection system with high frequency, and today’s 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK will also be equipped with Honda CONNECT 3.0 intelligent guidance interconnection system. Not only does the car-machine UI have a delicate picture and smooth operation, but the built-in functions have long been rid of the monotony and conservatism in people’s impression of Japanese cars. Real-time road navigation, convenient voice control system, and rich network connectivity functions further bring users a convenient and advanced car experience. At the same time, this system also supports OTA, so that young and fashionable you will always be at the forefront of the times.

In terms of driving assistance, Honda’s best Honda SENSING safety sensor system is also equipped with the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK. It includes lane keeping assistance system, lane departure warning system, adaptive cruise, traffic congestion assistance, active braking and other functions, allowing you to pursue speed and passion while being foolproof, while also meeting the needs of this era for intelligent driving systems.

The sporting spirit of the Civic is also constantly evolving

The early Civic used a 1.2L gasoline engine with 60 horsepower to meet household needs. In order to better fit the style of driving enthusiasts, the Civic continuously enhanced the engine performance in the later stage. With the appearance of 1.5L engine, VTEC engine, and Earthdream engine, the sports performance of the Civic was also continuously enhanced. Now, the 11th generation of Civic HATCHBACK has also inherited the sports spirit of previous generations of Civic, and has completed a new round of optimization and upgrading for the core power system and chassis system of vehicles.

In terms of power, the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK offers two sets of powertrain options. The first is the 1.5T engine of the 240TURBO model matched with the CVT gearbox. It has to be said that this is a nearly perfect solution. This high-power 1.5T engine can reach a maximum power of 134 kilowatts and a maximum torque of 240 Nm. This power system is enough to meet the power needs of many fuel enthusiasts. At the same time, the combination of the CVT gearbox can also achieve the best fuel-saving performance at medium and low speeds while ensuring efficient driving.

Of course, if you are an extreme control enthusiast, don’t regret it. Because Dongfeng Honda also introduced the MT manual transmission model of the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK for you. Under the current wave of new energy, even Volkswagen has announced the cancellation of the manual transmission, but Dongfeng Honda still insists on guarding your driving control obsession, which is really rare for car fans.

It is reported that in addition to the 240TURBO version, the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK will also provide an e: HEV version equipped with the fourth generation i-MMD. Its built-in 2.0L Atkinson cycle engine with dual motors will bring more powerful performance, but at the same time it can achieve better fuel consumption than the fuel version. This is also the latest achievement of the e: HEV strong electric and intelligent hybrid released by Honda in August. All in all, no matter what kind of power, the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK is performance-first, to meet the needs of driving enthusiasts first.

This can be seen not only from the power configuration, but also from the chassis structure of the 11th-generation Civic HATCHBACK. Honda engineers’ determination to control progress is even more evident. On the basis of inheriting the advantages of the previous-generation Civic chassis, engineers have also made further upgrades to the chassis, such as widening the rear wheel base to improve the stability of the body when cornering, and also upgrading the bushing material, re-tuning the electronic steering system, and using the front suspension adapter ball head with a lower friction coefficient. All these methods, although more effort and cost are expended, have only one purpose: to further improve the handling performance of the chassis. From a variety of powertrains to the ever-strengthening chassis performance, it is enough to demonstrate the above sentence: Civic’s sporting spirit is also constantly evolving, and the 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK is undoubtedly the best embodiment.

ConclusionThe 11th generation Civic HATCHBACK is not just a brand new hatchback from Dongfeng Honda, it is a model that inherits the sportsmanship of Honda for half a century. Of course, it inherits the sportsmanship of Honda, but also the spirit of continuous innovation. The comprehensive progress from design to texture, from intelligence to performance has also made this upcoming new car have stronger competitive strength, and it has once again demonstrated the sportsmanship of Honda’s blood while perfecting the Civic family matrix.

Which is better, Huawei Honor 7 or Huawei P7?

Which is better, Huawei Honor 7 or Huawei P7?

  System-wise, Honor 7 is also equipped with the new version of EMUI 3.1 system developed based on Android 5.0, and because of the relationship between young users, it adopts bright and bright colors in the UI style, and also integrates a variety of 3D UI 2.0 themes and controls, which brings dynamic 3D special effects when switching screens, fully meeting the needs of young users.

  The Huawei P7 adopts the Emotion UI 2.3 system based on Android 4.4.2 system, which is deeply optimized. Compared with the previous Emotion UI, the interface has some changes in details. However, the overall style and operating habits are still reserved, so there is no need to worry about operation problems.

Which is better, Huawei Honor 7 or Huawei P7?

  Honor 7 is definitely a conscience in camera configuration, using Sony’s latest Exmor RS IMX230 stack sensor, providing 20 million effective pixels, and adding support for phase detection autofocus (PDAF) technology to bring faster focusing speed; the sensor also provides up to 192 autofocus points, which greatly improves the focusing speed and accuracy of moving objects, allowing mobile phones to get clearer images when shooting moving objects.

  Huawei P7 is equipped with 13 million pixel rear camera, using SONY’s latest 4th generation stack sensor, intelligent professional image processing engine, F2.0 aperture, and adding a one-second capture (1.2 seconds) function. In addition, the front-facing camera has also been upgraded to 8 million pixels, with more front-facing shooting functions such as ten-level skin beauty and video beauty.

Huawei Honor 7 and Huawei P7 comparison

  In terms of screen, the screen size of Honor 7 is controlled at 5.2 inches, plus a very narrow border and a large screen ratio, for most users, it will not affect the normal operation when holding with one hand. The resolution reaches 1080p level, with 85% color saturation, which can provide users with fine and vivid image quality. When enjoying photos or watching movies, it has a strong appeal to the human eye.

  The Huawei P7 is equipped with a 5-inch screen, and the 5-inch body is now the mainstream medium size, with a full high definition resolution of 1920×1080 pixels, and a PPI of 445, reaching the mainstream level. In order to make the body have a beautiful appearance, both front and back are equipped with third-generation gorilla glass, which enhances the scratch resistance by 300%.

  As the latest flagship of the Honor series, the Honor 7 does not fall behind in terms of configuration. It chooses its own HiSilicon Kirin 935 octa-core processor, which is designed with big. LITTLE large and small cores. It integrates four 2.2GHz A53 cores and four 1.5GHz A53 cores. With Library technology, the A53 core can run stably above 2.0GHz, achieving a balance between power consumption and performance. The GPU is Mali-T628 MP4, and the memory configuration is 3GB RAM + 16GB/64GB ROM.

  The core processor of Huawei P7 is the self-developed HiSilicon Kirin910T quad-core processor, which is mainly increased to 1.8GHz compared with the Kirin910. The GPU renderer is also Mali-450MP, random access memory is 2GB RAM, and built-in storage space is 16GB ROM. 

The M5 standard version of Wenjie appeared, with a battery life of 1,455 kilometers and a price of 259,800 yuan.

Beijing News Shell Financial News (Reporter’s promise) On July 2nd, the M5 standard edition of AITO was officially unveiled at the User Experience Day of AITO. According to the on-site information, the endurance of the standard version of Wujie M5 has been upgraded to 1,455 kilometers, the standard version of rear drive is 259,800 yuan, and the standard version of Wujie M5 four-wheel drive is 279,800 yuan.

The model will be delivered in August. At the event site, Wang Yanmin, president of Huawei Terminal BG Intelligent Car Selection Business Department, said that with the blessing of intelligent extended-range technology, the M5 standard version of Wenjie does not need to be recharged for long-distance running, "it can drive all the way from Shanghai to Beijing".

In addition, all the models in the M5 Standard Edition are equipped with all-aluminum chassis, and with the help of Huawei DATS (Dynamic Adaptive Torque System) developed by Huawei, the driving, driving control and reliability are fully balanced.

The standard version of Wujie M5 is equipped with Huawei DriveONE pure electric drive platform. The peak power of the standard version of four-wheel drive reaches 365kW and the peak torque reaches 675 N m. With the front double wishbone and rear multi-link all-aluminum chassis as standard, the acceleration time of zero hundred kilometers is 4.4 seconds.

Editor Yue Caizhou proofreads Wu Xingfa.

Joint venture challenger, Geely Xingyue L listed for sale at 137,200 yuan.

During this year’s Shanghai Auto Show, Geely Automobile built a new SUV model named Xingyue L based on CMA architecture, and released "SUV Disruptive Action", which opened the curtain to challenge the mainstream joint venture SUV. After waiting for three months, Xingyue L was officially listed in Hangzhou on July 20th.

This time, Xingyue L launched two power combinations, 2.0TD-7DCT EVO and 2.0TD High-Tech -8AT, with a market guidance price of 137,200 yuan to 185,200 yuan. Among them, Xingyue L’s exclusive Cuiyu magic color suit costs 5,000 yuan, including Cuiyu magic color special car paint+Cuiyu double suede interior, double five-spoke pulse exclusive wheels+magic color exclusive car keys.

At the same time, Geely Automobile has also prepared a variety of car purchase benefits for users who purchase the Star Yue L, such as a financial subsidy of up to 10,000 yuan, an increase and replacement subsidy of 7,000 yuan, free basic traffic for life, free maintenance for 4.5 years or 120,000 kilometers, and free warranty for 5 years or 150,000 kilometers.

Challenge the three flagship standards

As the main model of Geely in SUV products in the future, Xingyue L is also challenging the mainstream joint venture SUV models. And it has been comprehensively advanced from three levels: intelligence, security and luxury.

First of all, on the intelligent level, Xingyue L is equipped with the strongest Qualcomm Snapdragon 8155 chip, which supports 5G high-speed network and drives multiple screens with one core. At the same time, the new car is first equipped with Geely Galaxy OS system, which can realize the three-screen linkage of IMAX and the four-screen linkage of 25.6-inch AR-HUD–creating a smart cockpit with the largest "screen ratio".

In addition, under the blessing of CMA’s new intelligent and evolvable electronic and electrical architecture, Xingyue L has the intelligent expansion potential in the next 5 to 10 years. In addition, Xingyue L also has the global FOTA capability, which is the first engine power OTA, so that fuel vehicles can achieve multi-dimensional upgrades like pure trams.

Thanks to the 24 sensing elements with the largest number of mass-produced fuel vehicles, Xingyue L has nine large-area security. Among them, the EMA emergency steering assistance system carried by the new car can help the driver to make emergency avoidance when danger comes and minimize the possibility of injury; Elk passed the test with a score of 79km/h, giving users the strongest protection with the ultimate safety experience.

Finally, at the luxury level, Xingyue L is fully aligned with the products of 300,000 yuan. The straight waterfall air intake grille, with the appearance of matrix headlights on both sides, gives people a tall and tough visual experience. With a length, width and height of 4770mm×1895mm×1689mm and a wheelbase of 2845mm, Xingyue L has surpassed the level of joint venture competitors at the same level.

The luxury of Xingyue L is also reflected in the power. The new car is equipped with 2.0T high and low power engines of Volvo Drive-E series, which are matched with 7-speed wet DCT gearbox and 8AT gearbox respectively. The addition of the sixth generation electro-hydraulic four-wheel drive system of Borgwarner, the first in China, further highlights the comprehensive mechanical quality of Xingyue L.

Popularize high-end products

At the listing conference of Xingyue L, Li Shufu, chairman of Geely Holding Group, who has not participated in such activities for a long time, also came to the scene to cheer for Xingyue L platform. In Li Shufu’s view, Xingyue L is of epoch-making significance. It is neither a traditional car nor a new energy car, but it inherits the advantages of traditional cars, absorbs the highlights of new energy cars and creates its own characteristics.

Two years ago, Xingyue, the first model of Geely Automobile CMA architecture, went on the market, which broke the inherent cognition of users’ distrust of the three major parts of China. Last year, the launch of Xingrui, the first car product under CMA framework, broke through the "family car standard" previously formulated by joint venture brands.

With the listing of Xingyue L, Geely Automobile officially released the "High-end Series of Geely Brand CMA"-named "China Star" at the event site. Geely Automobile believes that China Star represents the highest level of automobile brands in China at present, and will challenge the high-end market in the future to provide users with high-value products and realize the popularization of high-end products. And in the global automobile industry, we will fight for "China automobile value" and set a new benchmark of "China automobile value" with three high values.

In Geely Automobile’s view, the first high value of China Star is to lead the era of global architecture. The release of China Star can also be regarded as a brand-new advance of Geely’s architecture. At present, Volvo, Link and Geely CMA architecture products have been recognized by more than 1 million users around the world. By 2024, all products of Geely brand will fully realize the construction of cars!

The second high value is to lead the global hybrid new energy era. In the future, Geely will continue to promote the "Blue Geely Action Plan". In September this year, Geely Automobile will launch a global power brand and build a Geely GHS2.0 intelligent hybrid system, achieving 43.32% of the world’s highest thermal efficiency and more than 40% fuel saving rate. In the future, GHS2.0 dual-engine intelligent hybrid system will be first installed on China Star.

The third high value is to lead the global era of 5G smart travel. Geely has made diversified layouts in the fields of LEO synchronous satellite, V2X vehicle-road coordination and high-level autonomous driving, and has the ability to link smart city traffic. By 2022, we will see Geely automobile with L4 unmanned driving and intelligent digital cockpit in Hangzhou Asian Games.

Gan Jiayue, CEO of Geely Automobile Group, said: "The high value of China Star Three leading the world is one of the’ China Geely’ schemes for China Automobile to go global, become bigger and stronger. As the global leader of China Automobile, Geely will fight for the’ China Automobile Value’, look for the direction, strengthen its belief, and work hard to make China Automobile travel all over the world. "

Write at the end:

First of all, from the product point of view, Xingyue L should have the strength to compete with or even surpass the joint venture products in terms of intelligence, safety and luxury, and the price of 137,200 yuan to 185,200 yuan, while fully surpassing the product strength value of the strong joint venture brand, it can be said that it is full of sincerity without requiring users to spend a penny more.

The release of China Star highlights Geely’s brand dream of "being great because of happiness" forged in 35 years. As Li Shufu said: "For more than a decade, Geely has cooperated with global partners to overcome one difficulty after another and solve one problem after another to achieve today’s product achievements of Xingyue L. What users buy is not an isolated automobile product, but the result of Geely’s systematic service and high-tech ability. I firmly believe that Xingyue L will lead the intelligent transformation of traditional automobiles and make positive contributions to the intelligent development of China automobile industry. "