月度归档： 2025 年 4 月

Five kinds of minor criminal cases in Shanxi Province can be reconciled.

　　　　On September 1st, the Provisions of Taiyuan People’s Procuratorate on the Application of Criminal Reconciliation in Handling Minor Criminal Cases (Trial) came into effect.


　　　　Set the original intention, resolve social contradictions and save judicial resources


　　　　Zhang, a middle school student in Xinghualing District, Taiyuan City, stabbed a person seriously in 2006. After accepting the case, the Xinghualing District People’s Procuratorate visited the victim and his relatives, and went to Zhang’s school to make a detailed study of his daily life. The procuratorate learned that Zhang is usually very dutiful, and although his academic performance is not very good, he has been rising steadily. Li, who was three years older than him before the incident, was bullied many times. After the parents learned about it, they took Zhang to the Li family to discuss the argument. However, Li was abusive to Zhang’s parents. Zhang was angry for a while and smashed Li into a serious injury. The two parties reached an agreement on civil compensation, and the Xinghualing District People’s Procuratorate finally made a decision not to prosecute.


　　　　This case has become a typical case encountered by Taiyuan People’s Procuratorate in the exploration of criminal reconciliation system.


　　　　"Such a child, just a moment of anger made an excessive move, subjective malignancy is very small. If he is sent to prison, his future life may be completely changed, and some teenagers will be’ infected’ again after being imprisoned, and they will completely embark on a wrong path. " Nan Li Ming Dow, Director of Public Prosecution Division I of Taiyuan Procuratorate, explained the original intention of the criminal reconciliation system.


　　　　The "Regulations" determine that in the process of minor criminal cases, the criminal suspect can actively gain the understanding of the victim by pleading guilty, apologizing, financial compensation, etc., and reach a criminal settlement agreement with the victim. After confirmation by the procuratorial organ, the procuratorial organ will make a decision not to prosecute the criminal suspect.


　　　　According to reports, in reality, if criminal sanctions are imposed on a large number of cases, under the existing judicial mechanism, both the offender and the victim are in a situation of mutual loss for a long time. For example, neighbors’ relationship, because one side’s head is broken and one side’s nose is interrupted at a moment’s quarrel, constitutes a minor injury. After the implementation of criminal sanctions, neighbors may die of old age, but it will increase social contradictions.


　　　　"Frankly speaking, prosecuting all these cases will not only have a bad social effect, but also waste judicial resources. Regardless of whether the case is big or small and involves prosecution, all procedures are actually exactly the same. The whole procedure has to be taken once. " A prosecutor said.


　　　　It is reported that from 2005 to 2006, Taiyuan City prosecuted 5,806 criminal cases with 9,223 people, among which 1,912 cases with 2,622 people were sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of less than three years, accounting for 28% of the total number. There is considerable room for criminal reconciliation.


　　　　Experts analyze the theoretical basis of criminal reconciliation


　　　　According to Li Qi, an associate professor of Shanxi University Law School, criminal reconciliation has its profound theoretical basis.


　　　　First of all, criminal reconciliation is the requirement of implementing the criminal policy of combining leniency with severity. There are various criminal cases, and the circumstances of the crime are light and heavy, which requires different resolution mechanisms for cases of different nature, so as to make the strictness strict and the leniency lenient. For those minor cases, the application of criminal reconciliation instead of blindly emphasizing the investigation of criminal responsibility can not only eliminate the opposing feelings of both parties, protect the rights and interests of the victims, urge the perpetrators to confess their sins and mend their ways, turn negative factors into positive ones, but also save judicial resources.


　　　　Secondly, criminal reconciliation embodies the characteristics of China traditional culture. In the traditional culture of China, there is a spirit of "harmony is the most important". Reconciliation based on distinguishing right from wrong and consultation between the two sides is conducive to social stability.


　　　　Thirdly, criminal reconciliation adapts to the trend of restorative justice in the international community. The focus of restorative justice is not the pursuit of punishment for crimes, but the pursuit of order reconstruction and social harmony. Procedurally, restorative justice also pays more attention to consultation and reconciliation. From the practical point of view, restorative justice has become a rising judicial reform movement in the international scope, and has also achieved remarkable results in preventing crimes, reducing judicial investment and safeguarding the interests of victims.


　　　　Finally, criminal reconciliation is in line with the spirit of China’s current laws. China’s criminal law, criminal procedure law, etc., have some provisions on non-penalty punishment methods, mediation and reconciliation for minor cases. However, due to the lack of detailed legal provisions, the scope of application of these provisions and procedures has been greatly limited, and the positive functions have not been fully exerted. Therefore, it is very necessary to improve and refine the operating procedures.


　　　　Scope of application Five kinds of minor criminal cases


　　　　According to the "Provisions on the Application of Criminal Reconciliation in Handling Minor Criminal Cases (Trial)" promulgated by Taiyuan Municipal People’s Procuratorate, criminal reconciliation is applicable to minor criminal cases that meet one of the following circumstances: (1) The criminal suspect has a statutory lighter, mitigated or exempted punishment; (2) The criminal suspect is a negligent offender, a first-time offender or an occasional offender; (3) The criminal suspect is a minor, an elderly person or a student at school; (4) The victim is obviously at fault; (five) the case is caused by disputes between relatives and friends, neighbors, colleagues or classmates.


　　　　In practice, criminal reconciliation can easily cause people’s worries about "buying punishment with money". In this regard, the head of the criminal reconciliation research group explained that although criminal reconciliation pays attention to protecting the interests of victims, criminal suspects, the state and society also benefit from it. Through criminal reconciliation, victims can be prevented from retaliating against criminal suspects and criminal suspects can be prevented from endangering society again, which not only embodies the protection of human rights, but also plays a positive role in controlling the occurrence of social crimes. Therefore, criminal reconciliation is a judicial idea and model to prevent crime from the victim’s point of view, which embodies humanistic care and social civilization and progress, and should not be misunderstood as "buying punishment with money".


　　　　In addition, in criminal reconciliation, the "power" of procuratorial organs is remarkable. In this regard, the person in charge of the research group introduced that the procuratorial organ is a legal supervision organ. If the criminal suspect and the victim reach a settlement, they shall apply to the procuratorial organ for confirmation. The procuratorial organ is not the host of criminal reconciliation, but the supervisor of criminal reconciliation. In practice, we should try to avoid the interference of "public power" on the will of both parties.


　　　　Procuratorial organs also have corresponding supervision and restriction mechanisms in the application of criminal reconciliation. If the grass-roots procuratorial organ intends to make a decision not to prosecute by applying criminal reconciliation to minor criminal cases, it shall be discussed and decided by the procuratorial Committee and reported to the Taiyuan Municipal People’s Procuratorate for approval; After accepting the request from the grass-roots procuratorial organs, the Taiyuan Municipal People’s Procuratorate shall report it to the procurator-general for decision or the procurator-general shall submit it to the procuratorial committee for discussion and decision.


　　　　Link:


　　　　● What are the conditions for the procuratorial organ to confirm that the parties have settled?


　　　　If the settlement agreement meets the following conditions at the same time, the procuratorial organ shall confirm that the criminal suspect and the victim have reconciled: (1) The criminal suspect pleads guilty and repents, apologizes to the victim, and makes corresponding commitments in writing; (2) The criminal suspect and the victim have reached a consensus on civil compensation matters, which have been fully fulfilled; (3) The victim expresses forgiveness for the criminal suspect.


　　　　● What happens when the procuratorate does not confirm that the parties have settled?


　　　　If the settlement agreement has one of the following circumstances, the procuratorial organ shall not confirm it: (1) it infringes on the national interests, social public interests and the legitimate interests of other citizens; (two) against the true meaning of the parties; (3) Violating the prohibitive provisions of laws and administrative regulations.


　　　　● What corresponding supporting measures does the procuratorial organ have after criminal reconciliation and non-prosecution?


　　　　Within one year after the implementation of the decision not to prosecute, the person who is not prosecuted shall regularly report to the procuratorial organ in writing his compliance with laws and regulations and his commitment. The procuratorial organ shall pay a return visit to the person who is not prosecuted and the victim. (Reporter Yuan Wei)


Editor: Wang Yuxi

Don’t be careless, these symptoms may be cancer signals.

　　In the face of cancer, everyone often talks about cancer discoloration.

　　The source of this fear is not groundless. In recent 40 years, the cancer burden in China has also increased significantly.

　　According to an article published in The Lancet Oncology by He Jie, an academician of China Academy of Sciences, in the past 40 years, the proportion of people in China who died of cancer has decreased from 1973— The proportion of cancer increased from 10.1% in 1975 to 24.2% in 2015, and the burden of cancer increased day by day.

　　Why are some cancers found late?

　　Some cancers are terminal as soon as they are discovered. Why?

　　First, the concealment of cancer itself is high. The incubation period of most cancers is long, which is very long, whether it is from oncogene mutation or from persistent infection with carcinogenic virus to the final formation of cancer. In this process, there may be no obvious clinical symptoms, which are not easy for patients to detect. Once there are perceptible clinical symptoms, they often metastasize, which is the advanced stage of cancer.

　　Second, patients are too negligent. Some cancers have nonspecific symptoms in the early stage, such as fatigue, cough, slight chest pain or abdominal pain, but many patients often neglect diagnosis and treatment, or the abnormal indicators of physical examination do not further clarify the cause, which delays the treatment opportunity.

　　Third, there is no regular physical examination. Many people feel healthy and refuse to have regular health checkups, but they don’t know that health checkups can find some cancers in time.

　　So which cancers are advanced as soon as they are discovered?

　　Pancreatic cancer is often called the king of cancer, and its survival rate is low. Most of the early pancreatic cancer has no clinical symptoms, and it is in the middle and late stage when it is diagnosed, so it is difficult to cure.

　　The incidence and mortality of lung cancer have increased the fastest, and it is one of the most threatening malignant tumors to people’s health and life. The symptoms of early lung cancer are often mild, and there may even be no discomfort.

　　The symptoms of early liver cancer generally have no obvious characteristics, and the middle and late stages will be accompanied by symptoms such as liver pain, abdominal distension, fatigue and emaciation.

　　These symptoms require vigilance.

　　British scholars published an article in The Lancet Oncology. By studying the data of 8,000 patients suffering from 12 common cancers, it was found that 13 of the 20 symptoms appeared in the early stage of cancer, including abnormal nevus, breast mass, postmenopausal bleeding, rectal bleeding, lower urinary tract symptoms, hematuria, change of defecation habits, hoarseness, fatigue, abdominal pain, lower abdominal pain, weight loss and so on. Therefore, once the above symptoms appear, ordinary people should see a doctor in time.

　　It needs to be emphasized that we should pay special attention to weight loss. A study published by Oxford University in the British Medical Journal on August 13th, 2020 shows that subjects who suddenly lose weight are twice as likely to develop cancer as those who don’t.

　　How do ordinary people avoid getting sick

　　Doing the following will help us stay away from cancer.

　　In daily life, people need to pay attention to stay away from ionization and ultraviolet radiation.

　　Develop a reasonable dietary structure and balanced nutrition. Control the intake of red meat food, choose rough grains, and increase the intake of fresh fruits and vegetables and low-calorie foods.

　　Keep moving properly. Adults should try to reduce sedentary time, and exercise time is recommended to be about 150 minutes per week.

　　Develop good habits of work and rest. Guaranteed daily 7-mdash; 9 hours of sleep, it is recommended to sleep from 10 pm to 6 am the next day.

　　Pay attention to controlling drinking and quitting smoking, and keep a good attitude. Learn to deal with things positively and peacefully in life, and don’t be overly anxious about everything.

　　Regular physical examination, arrange targeted cancer screening every year to achieve early detection and early treatment. (Source: Popular Science China)

Chilam’s self-mockery is more difficult than Wu Zhenyu’s ＂Oh Mom＂ is afraid that the other party will find Anita Yuen.

1905 movie network news May 10, byQiu LitaoDirecting,francis ng、Chilam; Julian Cheung、Charmaine Sheh、Chrissie ChauA suspense movie about criminal action starring others.The first film conference was held in Beijing.

　

At the event site, director Qiu Litao was absent from work, and the film producer Tang Wenkang appeared with starring Wu Zhenyu, Chilam and Charmaine Sheh. At the press conference, everyone spit out Tang Wenkang’s "Hong Kong Pu", and Chilam spit out, "I stood next to him, and my Mandarin has become better."

　

The director missed the opportunity to vomit. Wu Zhenyu lamented that he would play without pay

　

As the most prolific director in Hong Kong today, Qiu Litao released four works in just one year last year, and at this year’s Hong Kong International Film and Television Exhibition, at least seven works were exposed, and the film The Leaker is one of them. After finishing the post-production of The Leaker, Qiu Litao has been involved in the filming of the next work, and was absent from the press conference that day for some reason.

　

At the scene, everyone took advantage of the director’s absence, and the director Tucao was "obsessive-compulsive", especially for time.

　

Chilam said that Qiu Dao is a workaholic. Tang Wenkang, a producer on the side, even broke the news. What the director said most on the set was, "What are you waiting for? Why don’t you shoot? "

　

"Goddess" Charmaine Sheh also praised the director’s "quickness and accuracy", saying, "The director works very fast every time and the boot time is also very punctual."

　

It can be seen that the director’s high yield every year is not just as simple as "opening".

　

When talking about the director, Wu Zhenyu changed the style of "Wu was three years old" in the past, feeling that if the director asked him to make a film, even if he didn’t get paid, he would rush to play. "Because when I made a movie for the first time, Qiu Dao took the camera and took pictures for him."

　

"Wu San-year-old" believes that the male god is not as good as Chilam’s fear of the other wife’s lion roar

　

In the movie, Charmaine Sheh plays a reporter and experiences a role that is opposite to his own.

　

At the scene, the organizer turned three actors into media reporters and set the cover title of gossip magazine for themselves. This link makes Wu Zhenyu incarnate as "Wu San-year-old" and all kinds of spoof gossip. Even more, Tucao Chilam didn’t buy the title of "Chilam Charmaine Sheh Re-cooperation Classic Return". "No one will buy this title tomorrow."

　

In the final reaction test, Wu Zhenyu thought he was a male god, but he was overshadowed as soon as he met Chilam.

　

In this test, Chilam tactfully responded that he was more difficult to get along with than Wu Zhenyu, and silently said that he was "afraid of being beaten". Of course, I immediately explained, "I’m a Virgo, and I’m actually very hairy."

　

However, this is Wu Zhenyu’s absence. "When Chilam can’t hold himself, he will call his wife (Anita Yuen). I am afraid that his wife’s lion will roar."

　

It is reported that the film "Leaker" will meet the audience during the year and be ready to be released at any time.

Basic Biology of Macrophages： From Origin to Function

Written by: immune meow with picky eaters

Source: gossip Immunology

● 　　 　● 　 　　●
　
Macrophages (English name: Macrophages, abbreviated M) are immune cells widely distributed in blood and tissues of the whole body.Macrophages can devour and kill intracellular parasites, bacteria, tumor cells, as well as self-aging and abnormal cells, and play an important role in immune defense, immune homeostasis and immune monitoring.Macrophages are a kind of phagocytes and belong to monocyte system.
　
Macrophages have been a hot research object for a long time because of their diversity and heterogeneity in tissue distribution.
　

one

The origin of macrophages
　

The evolution of species diversity and struggle for existence have produced a complex host defense system, which relies on natural immunity, first single-celled eukaryotes, and then adaptive immunity in tissues and developing eukaryotes. Natural immunity was first expounded at the end of 19th century, and Elie Metchnikoff introduced the word "macrophage", which means "macro = big and phage = eater”。 Monocytes/macrophages are a small group of white blood cells determined by their location, phenotype, morphology and gene expression profile.

Monocytes account for 4-10% of nucleated cells in normal peripheral blood. In blood, the half-life of monocytes is less than 20 hours. For many years, it has been assumed that macrophages are completely differentiated from circulating monocytes, but the recent morphological and functional differences between these cells refute this hypothesis.

Recent research evidence shows that macrophages in most adult tissues are sown before birth, and during embryonic development, they are transferred from.yolk sacIt has the ability of self-renewal and is maintained independently of monocytes. In addition,Each organ has its own unique combination of embryos and adult macrophages..

Embryonic macrophages participate in tissue reconstruction, while adult macrophages mainly assist host defense. In addition to these differences, we also observed that embryonic macrophages and adult macrophages coexist in many different organs.

2

Tissue distribution of different macrophages　 　

According to their anatomical location and functional phenotype, macrophages can be divided intoMicroglial cell、osteoclast、pm, spleen tissue cells and interstitial connective tissue, liver interstitial connective tissue and kupffer cells.

There are also different types of macrophages in the intestine, which have different phenotypes and functions, but work together to maintain tolerance to normal intestinal flora and oral antigens.

There are also different numbers of macrophages in the secondary lymphoid organs, including macrophages in the marginal area of spleen, which inhibit the natural immunity and adaptive immunity to apoptotic cells, and sinus macrophages under the capsule of lymph nodes, which remove the virus in lymph and start the antiviral immune response.

differentMacrophages exist in immune immune immune sites., such as the brain, eyes and testicles, these parts are inTissue remodelinganddynamic balancePlay a central role. These tissue-specific macrophages devour dead cells, debris, foreign antigens and materials, organize the inflammatory process, and recruit more macrophages as needed.

three

Plasticity and polarization
　

Macrophages are remarkable plastic cells, which can be obtained fromConversion from one phenotype to another.. Macrophage polarization is a process. Macrophages show specific phenotypes and make functional responses to microenvironment stimuli and signals encountered in each specific tissue.

Local cytokine environment can localize macrophage polarization. The two subsets of macrophages with different functions include classic activated or inflammatory (M1) and alternately activated or anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. This phenomenon of these two different M1/M2 phenotypes is called.Macrophage polarization.

M1 macrophageIt is usually induced by the recognition of Th1 cytokines (such as IFN-γ and T NF-α) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These macrophages produce and secrete high levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23 and COX-2, while the level of IL-10 is low.

Functionally, M1 macrophages participate in the elimination of pathogens during infection by activating nicotinamide adenine phosphodinucleotide (NADPH) oxidase system and then producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, M1 macrophages have strong anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities, mediating tissue damage caused by reactive oxygen species, damaging tissue regeneration and wound healing. In order to prevent this kind of tissue damage, the anti-inflammatory effect of M2 macrophages inhibits the chronic inflammatory reaction by regulating the mechanism.

M2 macrophageSTAT6 is activated by IL-4 receptor α(IL-4Rα) and polarized by Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, which has anti-inflammatory effect. Besides IL-4 and IL-13, cytokines such as IL-10 can also regulate M2 polarization by activating STAT 3 through IL-10 receptor (IL-10 R).

IL-33It is a cytokine related to Th2 in IL-1 family and can induce M2 polarization. It is characterized by up-regulating arginase-1(arg-1), CCL 17 and CCL 24, thus mediating pulmonary eosinophilia and airway inflammation.

IL-21It is another Th2-related cytokine that drives M2 polarization. M2 macrophages have the characteristics of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are characterized by low production of IL-12 and high production of IL-10 and TGF-β.

Functionally, M2 macrophages have strong phagocytosis, which can remove debris and apoptotic cells, promote tissue repair and wound healing, and promote angiogenesis and fibrosis. Therefore, generally speaking, M2 cells participate in Th2 response and parasite clearance, inhibit inflammation, promote tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, immune regulation, tumor formation and progress.

However, the M1/M2 phenotype does not reflect different phenotypic subsets of macrophages. According to the activation stimulus received, M2 macrophages can be further divided into four types.M2A, M2B, M2C and M2DDifferent subgroups of the composition.

M2aMacrophage subsets can be induced by IL-4 and IL-13, producing high levels of CD206, bait receptor IL-1 receptor II(IL-RII) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA).

Immune complex (ICs) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists or IL-1 receptor ligands can induce M2b subgroup.M2bMacrophages simultaneously produce anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6 and α-α.

M2cCells were induced by glucocorticoid and IL-10, and showed strong anti-inflammatory effect on apoptotic cells by releasing a large amount of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β.

Finally, TLR agonist induced the fourth M2 macrophage through adenosine receptor agonist.M2d.

The activated receptor of adenosine then inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, induces anti-inflammatory secretion of cytokines (high IL-10, low IL-12) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEG F), thus providing a drug withTumor associated macrophages (TAMS)The angiogenic characteristics of the characteristic. M2 macrophages exposed to M1 signal, or conversely, induced differentiated macrophages to "repolarize" or "reprogram" is another evidence that they have high functional plasticity and can potentially pursue therapeutic goals.

four

hugeMigration of phagocytes

Monocytes and macrophages migrate to the site of inflammation or injury to eliminate the initial inflammatory signal and ultimately promote wound healing and tissue repair.

This process is mainly initiated by pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs) (released from invasive pathogens) and damage-related molecular patterns (DAMPs) (released from damaged or dead cells to cope with infection and injury).

In addition, antigen can activate memory T cells in tissues through secretion.manyInflammatory cytokines and chemokines are used to trigger the recruitment of macrophages. Chemokines directly participate in the migration and activation of monocytes through endothelium, and monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 (MCP-1) is a monocyte chemotactic factor, which participates in the occurrence of inflammation and induces monocyte chemotaxis and migration by interacting with CC chemotactic factor 2(CCR2) on monocytes. MCP-1 is mainly secreted by activated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), monocytes and T cells. MCP-1, together with IL-8 or CXC ligand -8(CXCL-8), can trigger the firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelial cells under blood flow conditions. Monocyte adhesion and migration across endothelium through activated venule wall is a basic immune response, which depends on the expression of adhesion molecules of chemical mediators on the surface of vein endothelium.

These adhesion molecules belong to four families:Selectin、Integrin、Immunoglobulin superfamilyandMucin-like glycoprotein.

five

Antigen presentation

Antigen presenting cells, mainly macrophages, are the outposts of the immune system that starts and regulates immune response. An important feature of macrophage biology is the capture, endocytosis and expression of self or foreign antigens, which providesThe connection between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

Macrophages reside in surrounding organs, where they monitor surrounding tissues for invading pathogens. They alert the immune system to the presence of pathogens by engulfing them, processing their antigens and presenting peptide fragments that bind to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. After antigen treatment, macrophages migrate to T cells and stimulate them. Activated macrophages express high levels of costimulatory molecules and antigen presenting molecules on their surfaces, such as CD 80, CD 86 and MHCⅠ ⅰ and ⅱ molecules. Mixed Leukocyte/Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) is used as a basic test for determining the function of macrophages, because it measures the proliferation ability of macrophages to allogeneic T cell populations.

six

Production of cytokine and chemokines

Interleukin is a kind of cytokine, which is involved in inducing adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), angiogenic factors and signal pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kB) and signal transduction and transcription activator (STAS) involved in tumor invasion and angiogenesis.

Activation of M1 macrophages can induce proinflammatory cytokines., including TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18 and IL-23; Produce nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNS；; Antigen presentation; Expression of CC chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5; Promoting T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses provides an effective mechanism for killing.

Obviously, M1 and M2 macrophages have different chemokine profiles, while M1 macrophages expressing Th1 cell chemokines, such as CXCL9 and CXCL10.

M2 macrophages express chemokines.CCL17, CCL18, CCL22 and CCL 24. M1 macrophages express inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and together with costimulatory molecules CD 40, CD 80 and CD 86, they up-regulate MHCⅡ class II molecules to promote cytotoxic adaptive immunity.

M1 macrophages express Th1- and Th17- polarized cytokines IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and Th1- aggregation chemokines CXCL 9, CXCL 10 and CXCL 11. On the contrary, M2 macrophages support the resolution of inflammation by transferring gene expression to anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10, TGF-β, IL-1R1Ⅱ and IL-1Ra. M2 macrophages also express a large number of endogenous receptors, including scavenger receptor CD 163, stabilizer -1 and type C lectin receptor CD 206, CD 301, Dectin-1 and CD 209. In addition, M2 macrophages recruit Th2, regulatory T cells (Tregs), eosinophils and basophils by secreting chemokines such as CCL 17, CCL 18, CCL 22 and CCL 24..

seven

Macrophage apoptosis

Apoptosis is a normal, physiological and necessary process of cell selection and survival, eliminating and removing unnecessary cells, such as aging, damaged, genetic mutation and virus-infected cells; In fact, anti-apoptosis can promote malignant transformation of normal cells.

At present, it is known that macrophage apoptosis is related to various stages of the disease related to the decline of pathogen activity, which can be regarded as a natural immune defense mechanism and strategy for the host to limit infection against intracellular pathogens.

On the contrary, many cellsPathogens have the ability to kill infected cells., destroy the host pathway, inhibit cell apoptosis, leading to necrosis. This strategy can makePathogens escape the host’s immunity and infect other nearby or distant cells.. These apoptotic infected cells also provide a link between innate immunity and acquired immunity. When professional APCs absorb apoptotic vesicles, this connection begins when bacterial products and pathogenic antigens enhance T cell activation. Similarly,Pathogens inhibit apoptosis and promote necrosis.It also impairs the presentation of bacterial antigens, which may be the mechanism of immune escape.

In atherosclerosis, macrophages die by reducing the number of cells in the lesion, which is beneficial to reduce the lesion area. In the progress of atherosclerosis and other diseases, the phagocytosis of M2 macrophages solves the problem of apoptosis and its adverse effects. This unique functional feature of M2 macrophage is caused byHigh level of scavenger receptorExpress support.

Macrophages phagocytize debris, injured cells, dead cells and apoptotic cells, and inhibit macrophages from producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin -1β, interleukin -6 and interleukin -8. The mechanism involves autocrine or paracrine of transforming growth factor -β(TGF-β), thus inhibiting further recruitment of monocytes and macrophages.

In addition, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory IL-12, IL-23 and IL-27 and stimulates the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10.

By limiting the phagocytosis of local inflammation, it can also protect tissues from harmful pro-inflammatory reactions, death, injury and the immunogenic content of dead cells, and throughNecrosis after apoptosis to protect the growth of lesions.

In the late stage of atherosclerosis, the phagocytic function of apoptotic cells is seriously damaged, which leads to the aggregation of macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, which eventually blocks the decomposition of inflammation and promotes local necrosis, inflammatory state and plaque instability.

Understanding the exact mechanism of pathogen inhibiting apoptosis can avoid natural immunity and adaptive immunity, which provides a new strategy for optimizing treatment. The idea of manipulating the host or bacterial pathway to induce more cell apoptosis, "apoptosis-promoting therapy", may help to produce a more effective immune response.

eight

Macrophage metabolism

Recent evidence shows that metabolism plays an important role in the formation of macrophages and the obvious polarization phenotype. Under normal, physiological and pathological conditions, macrophages face an oxygen gradient.Macrophages adapt to hypoxia by shifting their metabolic pathways to glycolysis.. In addition, the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)-1 and -2 caused profound functional changes, including the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors, such as CXC chemokine 4(CXCR 4), CXCL 12, angiogenesis factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(Biswas and Mantovani, 2012; Orihuela et al., 2016). Therefore, macrophages help to coordinate the response of tissues to oxygen gradient and hypoxia conditions.

Macrophages M1 and M2 can obviously regulate the metabolism of glucose, amino acids, iron and folic acid.After macrophage activation, its metabolic pathway changes from oxidation to glycolysis.solve. Under the action of M1 stimuli (such as LPS, Th1 cytokines and IL-12), they showed a metabolic transformation to anaerobic glycolytic pathway, while M2 stimuli (such as IL-4 and IL-13) had little effect. Macrophages activated by IFN-γ and L-PS are often associated with acute infection, so it is necessary to trigger strong antimicrobial activity quickly in hypoxic microenvironment. In this case, the anaerobic process such as glycolysis is the best way when energy is needed. Interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide strongly induce glucose uptake and inhibit fatty acid uptake and oxidation. Therefore, glycolysis metabolism is enhanced and mitochondrial activity is decreased.

On the contrary,M2 macrophage functions, such as wound healing and tissue repair, need continuous energy supply.. This requirement is made byGlucose oxidative metabolism and fatty acid oxidationProvided, andFatty acid oxidation is the most important metabolic pathway of M2 macrophages.. M2 macrophage has the characteristics of high mitochondrial activity and oxidative phosphorylation. They show enhanced respiratory activity based on fatty acid β oxidation. Both metabolic pathways are up-regulated in the process of macrophage activation, but glycolysis is the main metabolic pathway, which can produce DNA and cell membrane synthesis substrates and promote the growth and differentiation of monocytes. It is another possibility of glycolytic metastasis of M1 macrophages to produce rapid and optimal response at the infected site.

In addition, the accumulation of citric acid in M1 macrophages is essential for the production of pro-inflammatory mediators NO, ROS, RNS and prostaglandin. Another important aspect is the metabolism of amino acids closely related to the functional phenotype of macrophages. M1 macrophages are characterized by the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).The production of NO is an important anti-microbial effect. M1 macrophages are active, while M2 macrophages do not produce NO.. On the contrary, they express high levels of Arg-1 and play a role in catalyzing the production of polyamines, which are necessary for collagen synthesis, cell proliferation, fibrosis and other tissue remodeling functions. Interestingly, the production of polyamines is reported to be the driving factor of M2 polarization.

In addition, there are significant differences in iron metabolism between M1 and M2 macrophages. Although M1 macrophages express a large number of iron storage proteins, such as ferritin, the content of iron porphyrin they express is low, and ferritin is the export of iron. Compared with M1 type macrophages, M2 type macrophages have lower ferritin content, but higher ferritin content. This different iron metabolism may be related to its function. Because iron is necessary to support the growth of bacteria, the retention of iron in M1 macrophages is a kind of bacteriostasis and supports the host’s protection against infection. On the contrary, the iron released by M2 macrophages is beneficial to tissue repair, but it can cause tumor growth and metastasis.

Metabolic adaptation is an important aspect of macrophage polarization and its functional activities.

nine

MicroRNA involved in macrophage polarization

MicroRNA plays an important role in many aspects of macrophage biology, thus affecting many biological and pathological conditions, such as monocyte differentiation and development, macrophage polarization, infection, atherosclerosis, tumor growth, inflammatory activation, cholesterol homeostasis, cell survival and proliferation, and phagocytosis.

MiRNA-24, miRNA-30b, miRNA-142-3p and miRNA-199a-5p can inhibit the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages.

M1 macrophage polarizationMiRNA-125, miRNA-146, miRNA-155, miRNA-7a/f and miRNA-378 are needed, andM2 polarizationThen miRNA-let-7c/e, miRNA-9, miRNA-21, miRNA-146, miRNA-147, miRNA-187 and miRNA-223 are needed.

In addition, miRNA-342-5p promotes NO synthesis, and IL-6 provides pro-inflammatory signals for macrophages. Although miR-21 has been proved to have both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, its anti-inflammatory effect is more prominent. MiR-155 and miR-142-3p inhibited the proliferation of macrophages compared with let-7a. MiR-155 can promote and prevent apoptosis at the same time, while miR-21 and let-7e negatively regulate the apoptosis of macrophages.

Main references

Abbas Shapouri Moghaddam，doi:10.1002/jcp.26429，2018

Thomas A. Wynn，Nature，doi:10.1038/nature12034，2013

Nicole J. Horwood，Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol，doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8519-2

Baojun Automobile responded to the rumor of ＂brake failure＂： it was actually a software BUG that led to the degradation of brake power.

Recently, Baojun Automobile made a public response to the rumor on the Internet that Baojun Yue also had "brake failure" on the official Weibo. Baojun Automobile made it clear that the so-called "brake failure" is not accurate. In fact, some vehicles have software bugs, which leads to the degradation of the brake assist system. For this part of the affected vehicles, there will be an indicator light to remind them when starting, and they will automatically enter the speed limit protection state to ensure driving safety.

Baojun Automobile stressed in the statement that after receiving feedback from relevant users, the company quickly took action and solved the problems involving vehicles, and asked users to use them with confidence. Baojun Automobile also pointed out that some media used inaccurate descriptions such as "brake failure" without fully understanding the facts, and there were inaccurate information.

Baojun Automobile said that the company will sincerely and properly cooperate with the owner to handle the follow-up matters to ensure that the rights and interests of users are properly protected. The handling of this incident also reflects Baojun Automobile’s attention and commitment to product quality and user safety.

Stealing trade secrets, a Chinese businessman who lost 700 billion yuan to China, was released from prison yesterday.

Every edited Wang Jiaqi　　　　

At the regular press conference of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs yesterday (July 4th), a name that had disappeared for eight years was suddenly mentioned again — — Hu Shitai, an Australian Chinese businessman.

On March 29, 2010, the Shanghai No.1 Intermediate People’s Court ruled in the first instance that the defendant Hu Shitai was sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment, confiscated property and fined RMB 1 million for the crimes of accepting bribes and infringing commercial secrets by non-state staff.

On May 17, 2010, the Shanghai Higher People’s Court issued a public verdict in the second instance, rejecting the defendant’s appeal and upholding the judgment of the first instance.

Lu Kang, a spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said: Hu Shitai abided by the prison rules and discipline and obeyed management education during his prison term. China judicial authorities ruled that his sentence was reduced according to law. Hu Shitai was released from prison on July 4.

▲ Hu Shitai (data map, source: Oriental IC)

At that time, the "Hu Shitai case" shocked the whole world and shook the entire steel and mineral industry. In the first decade of the 21st century, Hu Shitai was well known in China’s steel industry. How powerful was his "energy"? Look at a set of data:

Since 2003, China steel enterprises have spent more than 700 billion yuan just because of the rising iron ore price in the past six years, which is equivalent to more than twice the total profits of China steel enterprises in the same period. Even in 2008, when the financial crisis broke out, China once again accepted that the price of fine ore rose by 79.88% and lump ore rose by 96.5%, which was the highest increase in history.

Behind this, of course, there is a problem of global iron ore pricing mechanism; But in this mechanism, Hu Shitai "contributed".

To review the Hu Shitai case, we have to start with the global iron ore pricing mechanism.

Before 1950, the global iron ore trading mode was mainly spot trading; In the 1960s, Japan became the main buyer of iron ore in Australia, and the two sides started to sign short-term contracts, which gradually developed into long-term contracts in the late 1960s, and the quantity and price of iron ore were locked for 10 to 20 years.

In 1980, the annual long-term negotiated price mechanism of iron ore began to take shape. Every year, the global major mines (iron ore supply side representatives) and major steel mills (demand side representatives) negotiate to determine the annual iron ore supply price. This process is also called "iron ore negotiation". The fixed price is the industry index, which is widely referenced and adopted in other trade negotiations.

However, it was not until 2003 that China joined the "iron ore negotiations". At that time, China was already the largest producer and consumer of steel. However, from 2003 to 2009, China was almost defeated in the annual price game. As the largest iron ore buyer in the world, it had no pricing power.

Who were the buyers and sellers at that time?

Seller:

BHP Billiton (BHP Billiton)

BHP Billiton was formed in 2001 by the merger of two giant mining companies-BHP and British Billiton Company, which was then the largest mining company in the world.

Companhia Vale Do Rio Doce

At that time, the world’s largest iron ore producer and exporter was also the largest mining company in the American continent.

Rio Tinto mining company (Rio Tinto)

It was founded in Spain in 1873. In 1954, the company sold most of its Spanish business. From 1962 to 1997, the company merged several influential mining companies in the world, and in 2000, it successfully acquired the Australian Northern Mining Company, becoming a global leader in the exploration, mining and processing of mineral resources.

Buyer:

China Iron and Steel Industry Association.

Domestic steel enterprises.

What role did Hu Shitai play in the negotiation?

Hu Shitai was born in 1963, originally from Tianjin, China. He graduated from Peking University and went to Australia to study. After graduation, he went to work in Hammersley Iron Mine, Australia’s second largest iron ore producer. After Rio Tinto acquired Hammersley Iron Mine, Hu Shitai became an employee of Rio Tinto. Joined Australian citizenship in 1997,

Hu Shitai has worked in Rio Tinto for quite a long time and is familiar with major domestic steel mills and ore traders. When the case was investigated, Hu Shitai was the chief representative of Rio Tinto, an Australian iron ore enterprise, and the general manager of Rio Tinto’s Hammersley iron ore business in China. At that time, he was a member of Rio Tinto’s "iron ore negotiations".

▲ August 5, 2010, Shanghai, Rio Tinto China Office (Source: Oriental IC)

It is this one-sided negotiation pricing mechanism that makes Hu Shitai see "business opportunities".

The case broke out in 2009.

On July 5, 2009, four employees of Rio Tinto Shanghai Company were detained. Among the four people detained, Hu Shitai was included. At the same time, the public security department also took away his computer.

Subsequently, Xinhua News Agency reported that Hu Shitai and other four people were detained because they used improper means to win over the insiders of China iron and steel production units during the iron ore import and export negotiations between China and foreign countries since 2009, and used this to spy on and steal China’s state secrets.

At that time, an insider revealed to national business daily (micro-signal: nbdnews) that the computer of Rio Tinto’s Shanghai office taken away by the relevant departments contained dozens of steel enterprises with long-term contracts with Rio Tinto. These data relate to the detailed procurement plan, raw material inventory, production arrangement and other data of the enterprise, and even the monthly steel output and sales of some large steel enterprises are very clear.

"(Rio Tinto) knows the situation of steel mills in China like the back of his hand," said the insider. "Mines even know their companies better than the bosses of some enterprises." Some people who have close contacts with the mine also said.

At that time, a relevant person of a steel enterprise said, "In our company, there are no more than 10 people who can know the details of raw material inventory, production arrangement and sales." Mines can master these enterprise secrets, and may have already bought off the specific production and operation personnel of related enterprises.

Many people in iron and steel enterprises said that Hu Shitai was "very happy" in China’s iron and steel industry, and he had a good personal relationship with many heavyweights in the steel industry, including Tan Yixin, then assistant general manager of Shougang International and general manager of mining import and export company. A few days before Hu Shitai was detained, Tan Yixin was also formally arrested by the procuratorate for allegedly providing commercial secrets to Hu Shitai and others and bribing state employees.

Having monopolized the global mineral resources, and now knowing the situation of China iron and steel enterprises clearly, how can China enterprises succeed at the negotiating table?

Let’s talk about Hu Shitai’s bribery crime.

The court found through trial that from 2003 to 2009, Hu Shitai and Chinese employees Wang Yong, Ge Minqiang and Liu Caikui took advantage of their positions to solicit or accept money for many times in iron ore trade with China to seek benefits for others.

Among them, Hu Shitai received RMB 6.46 million, Wang Yong received RMB 75.14 million, Ge Minqiang received RMB 6.94 million and Liu Caikui received RMB 3.78 million.

There are 20 domestic steel enterprises that pay bribes to them. There are many ways for Hu Shitai to accept bribes and make profits for others. Here is an example:

After Guofeng Iron and Steel signed a long-term contract with Rio Tinto with an annual capacity of 1 million tons for five years, Hu Shitai asked the company for the calculation standard of the benefit fee, which was 30% of the profit of a ship. In order to become a long-term cooperative company with more favorable goods, Guofeng Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. was turned around by many people and companies, and nearly $800,000 in benefits was paid to Hu Shitai.

Liu Caikui, one of Hu Shitai’s four people, mostly accepts bribes from enterprises without iron ore import qualifications. They must rely on the names of some steel companies that have entered the long association sequence to purchase iron ore from Rio Tinto. It is natural for the relevant enterprises to pay Liu a certain fee after getting the ore.

In order to get the iron ore contract, he paid bribes to Hu Shitai and others, reflecting the passive situation of China steel enterprises at that time:

Around 2004, the long-term price of iron ore was much lower than the spot price, and the highest price difference exceeded 100 US dollars/ton. Iron and steel enterprises and traders who are qualified to import iron ore and hold long-term orders resell iron ore to the spot market, which is even more profitable than doing the main business of steel.

Before the financial crisis in 2008, Rio Tinto rarely directly signed long-term agreements with traders and small steel enterprises. With the advent of the financial crisis, when the long-term cooperative price was higher than the spot price, large steel enterprises in China and other long-term cooperative customers defaulted in a large area. In order to obtain the maximum benefit, Rio Tinto began to contact with small and medium-sized steel enterprises in iron ore negotiations, and as long as it reached a certain amount, it could make some discounts (sell the ore) to small and medium-sized steel enterprises. As a breakthrough of "iron ore negotiation".

▲ Image source: Photo Network

From being detained on July 5, 2009 to serving his sentence on July 4, 2018, nine years later, Hu Shitai walked out of the cage. He may find that the iron ore market has changed. And the change happened from the time he was sentenced.

In 2010, China rejected the annual benchmark prices agreed by the three major mines, and the annual negotiations of the Iron Ore Association broke down, and the pricing model linked to the index was adopted. Spot iron ore is priced on the basis of index. The purpose of this pricing method is to reflect the spot market situation and the relationship between supply and demand.

At that time, another giant BHP Billiton also said that nearly half of the company’s customers had begun to adopt a pricing system linked to the spot market. This shows that the old mechanism for setting the annual price of iron ore is losing its meaning.

With the development of spot market and the rise of index pricing, iron ore derivatives trading came into being. In 2009, Singapore Stock Exchange launched the world’s first iron ore swap contract. In the domestic market, Dashang launched an iron ore futures contract in 2013, which was denominated in RMB and delivered in kind.

Every time Xiaobian (micro-signal: nbdnews) noticed that although the iron ore negotiation is controlled by people no longer exists, the international crude oil price has risen sharply this year, and the pricing power of bulk commodities is still in the hands of international energy giants and financial predators. How to reverse this situation? How to safeguard the core interests of enterprises in China?

You are welcome to express your opinions in the message area.

Solve the three major pain points of users, liberate JH6 trucks and create win-win value.

　　At present, the transportation market is in the stage of recovery and upgrading, but in the face of the dilemma of high operating cost and low freight price, users urgently need products that can solve various pain points. As a full-size, high-end and medium-sized truck, Jiefang JH6, which will be listed soon, can effectively solve the pain points of users in many aspects, bring more choices to users, help users realize efficient and low-cost operation, and create win-win value for users.

　　High appearance, high quality interior to create an eye-catching weapon for transportation

　　At present, the growth trend of new users aged 18-25 in the transportation industry is obvious, with drivers under 36 accounting for 50%. The requirement for vehicles is not only that they can run, but also the value of vehicles is the focus of choice. The appearance of JH6 truck has attracted much attention since liberation. The appearance follows the classic atmospheric appearance of JH6 family. The blackened LED headlights make the finishing point, the golden eagle logo shows the dignity, and the brand-new flower-pulling fashion shows the personality.

　　It’s not enough to just look at the face value. Nowadays, 82.4% truck drivers drive for more than 8 hours a day, eating and sleeping in the car. The cab space is small, and there is nowhere to store daily items. The original functions can’t meet the needs of daily life, so they need to be configured and modified when necessary.

　　The newly-launched Jiefang JH6 truck creates an excellent comfortable driving experience for drivers. The full-size cab has a large space and a large flat floor. The cab is 2450mm wide and 1900mm high. At the same time, in order to let the driver have enough rest space, the product adopts 710mm ultra-wide sleeper.

　　The cab is 2450mm wide and 1900mm high.

　　710mm extra-wide sleeper and large space with flat floor.

　　The Grammer seat is more fashionable with a color-coded interior, and is equipped with a four-point airbag suspension to provide better shock absorption effect. With the Grammer seat, it brings better driving experience to users.

　　Grammer’s chair is sedentary and not tired.

　　Central control large screen

　　Liquid crystal instrument panel

　　The center console and LCD instrument panel of the soft package are full of science and technology, which highlights the quality. There is plenty of storage space in the cab, so users have no problem moving their homes into the car. All products are equipped with AMT gearbox as standard, which frees hands and feet and easily controls vehicles.

　　Strong power and low fuel consumption to achieve low-cost and efficient operation.

　　As we all know in the industry, Lutong belongs to standard load transportation, and most of the goods transported are fresh agricultural products such as vegetables, fruits, livestock and poultry. Keeping fresh and alive is the first priority. For example, if the vehicle breaks down, the customer loses a lot, the transportation distance is long and the speed is high, and the high operational intensity puts forward higher requirements for the reliability and attendance rate of the vehicle.

　　Products adopt excellent power chain in the industry.

　　In order to solve the pain point of this big user, JH6 trucks are liberated, and the products adopt excellent strong power chains in the industry, which are suitable for various efficient transportation scenarios. The 7.8L engine can output 320 horsepower, the torque reaches 1300Nm, and the maximum climbing degree of the highest gear is increased to 2.16, so it is not afraid of long slopes. The power per ton reaches 17.8/ton, realizing low-cost and efficient operation. The self-weight of the warehouse car is as low as 5.2 tons, which helps users realize greater transportation benefits. The product’s super acceleration performance, economical speed of 85KM/h, fuel saving and efficient operation.

　　At the same time of efficient operation, JH6 truck is liberated to improve the economy of the whole vehicle and reduce the burden on users through systematic fuel saving and long maintenance technology. First of all, through power matching, thermal management+electronically controlled fans and low rolling resistance tires, the comprehensive fuel consumption is greatly reduced, and the annual fuel cost can be saved by 24,000 yuan. Secondly, in terms of maintenance, it also saves users a lot. For example, the chassis bridge/maintenance interval is raised to 100,000 kilometers; The main filter element of air filter is 100,000 kilometers maintenance-free, which reduces the frequency of filter element maintenance and replacement, and avoids the filter element damage caused by regular back blowing; The maintenance interval of the whole vehicle is 100,000 kilometers, which not only saves maintenance time for users, but also saves maintenance cost for users.

　　At the same time, on the road of Dora’s fast and efficient transportation, Jiefang JH6 truck products have outstanding advantages. It adopts a number of lightweight technologies and a low-level air intake scheme, and the products in the same level in the industry have lighter self-weight and larger container size.

　　Choose rich and long warranty to improve attendance for users.

　　Product matrix

　　The newly listed Jiefang JH6 truck has prepared a variety of choices for users, including the 6.8-meter green-pass truck, the 9.7-meter large single-bridge express truck, and the 6.8-meter cold-chain truck. In terms of configuration, Jiefang JH6 truck has given a targeted and intimate configuration for the special needs of different usage scenarios. Southern version with parking air conditioning; Northern version equipped with independent warm air; And the southwest version equipped with hydraulic retarder. It not only solves the pain points of users, but also meets the diverse needs of users.

　　In terms of after-sales service, the liberation of JH6 truck stems from the confidence in the reliability of the whole vehicle. First, it provides a three-year unlimited mileage warranty for the whole vehicle, and the engine assembly B10 has a life of 1 million kilometers, which is truly reliable and durable, ensuring that the core assembly is trouble-free for 5 years; Secondly, the front axle is provided with a maintenance-free hub, and the rear axle oil lubricates the hub to be maintained with the rear axle, thus avoiding the waste of oil and time in scraping tires and buttering; Finally, fatigue driving reminder service is standard to reduce safety accidents caused by fatigue driving. Greatly improve attendance. And through the service visualization system, we can solve the pain points such as no reception, slow maintenance and no accessories when users enter the station, and truly be user-oriented.

　　As a brand-new upgraded product, Jiefang JH6 truck effectively solves users’ pain points in many aspects, brings more choices to users, helps users realize efficient and low-cost operation, and ensures users’ worry-free attendance. This product has also become a brand-new choice for medium-sized trucks. Let’s look forward to its market performance.

Shenyang： Self-service handling of vehicle purchase tax takes only 3 minutes on average.

　　(Reporter Ding Ju correspondent Zhang He) Recently, Shenyang Taxation Bureau of State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China vigorously promoted the self-service handling of vehicle purchase tax. The proportion of taxpayers’ self-service tax handling exceeded 1/3 of the total business volume, and the average tax handling time was only 3 minutes, which improved the tax handling efficiency by 50%.

　　It is understood that Shenyang Taxation Bureau has laid 46 self-service tax terminals in the centralized area of 4S shops and motor vehicle registration areas in the city. At present, there are 8 vehicle purchase tax service halls, 4 vehicle purchase tax collection service stations and 42 vehicle purchase tax self-service tax locations in Shenyang, forming a grid layout of vehicle purchase tax taxation. At the same time, the Shenyang Municipal Taxation Bureau has formulated an "eight-hour" delayed service system, and opened the vehicle purchase tax service hall and self-service tax payment equipment as usual during the rest time and weekends, realizing all-weather tax payment. The Shenyang Taxation Bureau has also realized the tax collection business and tax exemption business for new vehicles throughout the city, and taxpayers can choose the nearest tax location.

　　Zhang Lin is a staff member of an automobile 4s shop in Shenyang, and is responsible for handling relevant procedures for customers. According to him, according to the usual process, after buying a car, consumers should go to the tax service hall to declare and pay the vehicle purchase tax. After obtaining the vehicle tax payment certificate, they will go to the vehicle management office for a license, which will take a long time. After the operation of the self-service tax terminal, the through-train service of car purchase, tax payment, licensing and insurance has been realized, and there is no need to run long, which greatly reduces the burden on tax collectors.

　　The implementation of self-service tax service for vehicle purchase tax has also reduced the pressure on the tax service hall. It is understood that according to the past rules, the peak of vehicle purchase tax will be ushered in after weekends and holidays, and the maximum reception volume of the tax service hall has exceeded 5,000 person-times. Since the implementation of self-service taxation, taxpayers have been effectively diverted. After weekends and holidays, taxpayers basically don’t have to wait in line to pay taxes, which truly realizes the "peak without peak".

Science and Technology Morning Post ｜ The sudden death of Pinduoduo employees caused the stock price to drop by 6%. Apple will send the first AR device.

Phoenix Network Technology News Beijing time on January 5 th news, what happened in the science and technology circle last night and this morning, the following is a review of the news:

Pay attention to Pinduoduo first:

The sudden death of employees caused controversy. Pinduoduo’s share price fell 6%

The sudden death of a 23-year-old female employee in Pinduoduo has attracted the attention of the industry, while Zhihu’s statement of "trading her life for money" in a certified account in Pinduoduo has caused controversy. CCTV and other media have called on Internet companies to let employees stay up late, not overdraw, and protect strugglers. As of Monday’s close, Pinduoduo’s share price dropped 6.13% to $166.78, with a market value of $204.5 billion.

Pinduoduo apologized for Zhihu’s inappropriate comments on the account: the account control was not strict, which was personally done by the supplier’s employees.

Figure 1: The theory of "exchanging life for money" in Pinduoduo Zhihu account.

After Pinduoduo denied that the official Zhihu account of the company had deleted the reply to the employee’s death, Zhihu officially released Weibo that Pinduoduo was a registered user in Zhihu and his identity was true and correct, and said that Pinduoduo deleted the reply by itself after creating the relevant answer. In this regard, Pinduoduo officials responded that after investigation, the content was released by employees of Pinduoduo marketing cooperative suppliers on personal mobile phones, which did not represent any official attitude of Pinduoduo. At the same time, Pinduoduo apologized for the lax control of official accounts. (Blue Whale Finance)

Pay attention to Apple first:

Guo Ming: Apple will release the first AR device, AirTag and new AirPods this year.

Figure 2: exposed AirTags

Guo Ming, a well-known Apple analyst at Tianfeng International Securities, released a new report on Monday, looking forward to the products that Apple will release this year. He pointed out that Apple will release its first augmented reality (AR) device, AirTag tracker and new AirPods headphones in 2021. Guo Ming did not disclose the details of the AR equipment, but he said earlier that Apple’s first AR glasses will be highly dependent on the iPhone. In addition, Apple will continue the transition to Apple’s self-developed chip. The 12.9-inch iPad Pro is expected to become the first iPad model to switch to mini-LED screen. According to media reports, it will be listed in the first quarter. The new AirPods will also be released this year. The rumored AirPods Pro Lite is said to replace the non-Pro version of AirPods, and its design is similar or exactly the same as AirPods Pro.

Britain imposed a nationwide blockade, and Apple closed all 38 retail stores.

Apple will close all British retail stores during the third nationwide blockade in response to the surge in cases and hospitalizations in COVID-19. On Monday, British Prime Minister Johnson reimposed the blockade and adopted stricter restrictions until mid-February. The blockade order requires the closure of non-essential businesses, including retail stores and mobile phone stores selling "electronic goods". Affected by the new restrictions, Apple will temporarily close all 38 retail stores in the UK.

IPhone 13 will be equipped with optical radar, not only Pro model.

Among the iPhone 12 series models released last year, Apple equipped the two models, the iPhone 12 Pro and the iPhone 12 Pro Max, with LiDAR laser radar to provide depth sensing function. According to a supply chain report quoted by foreign media 9to5Mac, Apple will equip the whole iPhone 13 with LiDAR lidar this year, not just the "Pro" model. The report also pointed out that Apple has signed an agreement with Sony to ensure that the LiDAR will be used in the iPhone at least until 2023. (IT house)

Other news:

With 16 days left in Trump’s term, it is increasingly impossible to reform social media immunity.

President Trump and FCC Chairman Ajit Pai have only 16 days left in their terms of office. At present, it seems less and less likely that Pai will take measures to shrink the legal protection that social media companies get under the 1996 Communications Regulation Act. It is still unclear whether the newly appointed third Republican member of the FCC will join this action. On October 15th last year, Pai said that new rules would be formulated to define the platform content immunity enjoyed by social media according to Article 230 of the Communication Regulation Act, in response to the Trump administration’s request in July. However, since October, Pai has not taken any further measures in response to the government’s request. After the Committee meeting in November and December, he cancelled his regular press conference and preferred not to add any discussion on Article 230 to the agenda of the meeting on January 13.

Amazon, Xiaomo and Berkshire Medical Joint Venture, which was founded only three years ago, will close.

Figure 3: Amazon CEO Bezos

In 2018, Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Chase announced the establishment of a health care joint venture company, Haven Health, seeking to "reform the health care industry" and cut costs for hundreds of thousands of employees by merging the resources and technologies of the three companies. This high-profile company once caused the share prices of major insurance companies to fall. Now, however, Haven Health will stop running in February, failing to achieve the set goal. According to people familiar with the matter, the goal of reforming the medical industry is too difficult to accomplish.

Foxconn: Baiteng Automobile signed a strategic cooperation agreement to promote mass production in the first quarter of next year.

According to the Taiwan Province Economic Daily, Hon Hai Technology Group said that its Foxconn Technology Group signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with Baiteng Automobile and Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone to jointly accelerate the mass production of the first model M-Byte of Baiteng, and strive to achieve mass production of the M-Byte in the first quarter of 2022. Earlier in the day, Bloomberg reported that Foxconn planned to invest $200 million in Baiteng Automobile, a new car-making force that had been shut down before. If the investment is reached, the money will become the life-saving money of Baiteng Automobile. However, Taiwan Province Economic Daily pointed out in the report that the scope of the cooperation agreement signed by the two parties is limited to business cooperation, and there is no direct investment relationship so far, that is to say, there is no investment of 200 million US dollars. (The Paper)

British court refused American extradition of Assange.

The Central Criminal Court in London, England, ruled on the 4th that it did not agree with the US government’s extradition of julian assange, the founder of Wikileaks website. On the same day, British judge Vanessa Barrett ruled that the refusal of extradition was due to Assange’s mental health problems, because there was evidence that Assange had self-injured and suicidal tendencies, and she was worried that the United States would not be able to stop Assange from seeking suicide. "The overall impression he gives is depression, sometimes even despair, and he is afraid of his future." Assange’s lawyer believes that once Assange is extradited to the United States and convicted, he will face up to 175 years in prison. (Xinhua News Agency)

Twitter buys social podcast app Breaker.

Twitter announced that it has acquired Breaker, a social podcast application. Team Breaker will join Twitter to help improve the "public dialogue health" on the platform and develop Twitter’s new audio network project Twitter Spaces. The Breaker app will be closed on January 15th this year.

Google employees founded the first trade union in the company’s history.

According to CNN, hundreds of employees of Google and its parent company Alphabet launched a trade union, which is a rare step in the technology industry and the biggest and most organized challenge to the company’s administrative leadership so far. On Monday morning, local time, the Alphabet Trade Union announced that the organization would be managed by employees and accept full-time employees and contractors of the company. (Interface News)

Didi plans to go to Hong Kong in 2021 with an IPO valuation of about 60 billion to 80 billion US dollars.

LatePost learned exclusively that Didi plans to go public in 2021, and the place of listing may be Hong Kong, with a target valuation of about 60-80 billion US dollars, and is currently in contact with investment banks including Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase. It is reported that due to the "safety accident on the windmill" and the epidemic situation, the business volume of Didi Travel has dropped significantly. Therefore, in the private equity market, the trading price of some shares of Didi is much lower than the $56 billion valuation obtained in 2017. (Mobile phone China)

Bitcoin once fell below the $28,000 mark.

As of 21: 49 on January 4th, Bitcoin plunged sharply in the intraday trading, with a minimum of $27,777. At present, it is temporarily reported at $30,997.75, down $2,862.61 from the daily high, and once plunged more than 15% in the intraday trading. According to CNBC, HenriArslarian, head of global cryptocurrency at PwC, said that the soaring bitcoin in recent weeks was partly driven by more large institutional investors entering the market. (national business daily (blog, Weibo))

(Editor: Ji Liya HN003)

Response to the epidemic： China blocked nearly 60 million people and other countries may not be able to achieve it.

　　On the evening of January 30th, local time, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization, held a press conference in Geneva, Switzerland, explaining that the pneumonia epidemic in novel coronavirus has constituted a "public health emergency of international concern". Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stressed that WHO does not approve or even oppose a travel or trade ban on China.

　　Since the outbreak, the international community has paid close attention to it. China’s response has won praise from the world, and countries have acted quickly to overcome the difficulties.

　　The China system is very effective.

　　"The challenge is enormous, and China’s response is impressive." According to the BBC website, Michael Ryan, Executive Director of WHO Health Emergency Project, praised China’s response to the novel coronavirus epidemic.

　　CNN said that the China administration’s response to the epidemic was unprecedented and may not be realized in other countries — — China has imposed a blockade on nearly 60 million people and imposed full or partial travel restrictions on more than a dozen cities in Hubei Province. Major cities have launched the highest level of emergency response, set up checkpoints on roads, and screened passengers at airports and railway stations … … CBS reported that China launched an all-out campaign to fight the epidemic. Doctors treated patients day and night, and the military arrived in Wuhan to provide material support.

　　Spain’s "National News" website noticed that in Wuhan, a hospital was completed in less than 10 days, and the second emergency hospital also started construction.

　　"The China system is very effective in a crisis situation. It can take measures that require strong human and material resources and a well-functioning hierarchical system. " In an interview with the German newspaper Le Monde, China of Bertelsmann Foundation and bernhard Barchi, a senior expert in the Asia-Pacific region, commented on China’s initiative.

　　Zhou Rui, chairman of the French "Bridge" think tank and an expert on emerging economies, pointed out that at a critical juncture, China chose to close almost the whole of Hubei Province — — Almost equivalent to the size of France — — It has protected all countries in the world from the greater intrusion of the epidemic.

　　The World Health Organization praised that China has always adhered to the principle of openness and transparency, released information in a timely manner, quickly identified viruses and shared gene sequences, and adopted decisive and effective measures to control the spread of the epidemic, which not only reflected a high degree of responsibility for the lives and health of its own people, but also strongly supported global disease prevention and control.

　　Open and transparent to overcome the difficulties

　　In addition to taking extraordinary measures to prevent the export of cases, China identified pathogens at an unprecedented speed and shared the relevant virus gene sequences with the World Health Organization and other countries for the first time, which made it possible to develop a rapid virus detection tool.

　　According to Reuters news, the Russian Consulate in Guangzhou revealed that Russia and China are cooperating to develop a coronavirus vaccine.

　　According to the website of the Sydney Morning Herald, Australian scientists are the first to cultivate novel coronavirus outside China, hoping that this breakthrough will speed up diagnosis and help vaccine research and development. According to the report, it is expected that the cultivated virus will be used for antibody detection, so that the virus can be detected when the patient has not developed symptoms and therefore does not know that he is carrying the virus. It will also be used to test the effectiveness of experimental vaccines.

　　The Financial Times website reported that in China, Clover Biopharmaceutical Company plans to develop a vaccine based on the key protein in coronavirus, and put a candidate vaccine into trial in just a few weeks. The goal of the Oslo-based Innovation Alliance for Epidemic Prevention is that at least one candidate vaccine that can prevent coronavirus infection can be put into the first phase of clinical trials within 16 weeks to test the human tolerance to it.

　　"The search for vaccines benefited from the decision of the China government to release detailed information of coronavirus as soon as possible, which enabled scholars and pharmaceutical companies around the world to study its genome sequence." The Financial Times website pointed out. Russian newspaper quoted Russian officials and experts as saying that China showed unprecedented openness, which greatly helped disease research. According to the Guardian, compared with the SARS period, China is developing in a more open direction.

　　Take the initiative to ease concerns.

　　Whether the epidemic will have an impact on the world economy in 2020 has aroused widespread concern.

　　In an article published on January 30th in The New York Times, USA, "The world quickly realizes how dependent it is on China", it is pointed out that now, Japan is preparing for possible shocks, and the Federal Reserve is "closely watching" the changes in the situation. As the world’s largest source of tourism revenue tightens its borders, hotels and travel agencies all over Asia are worried.

　　However, many people remain optimistic. The article on the website of the Financial Times pointed out that no epidemic has caused a long-term reversal of market trends. The market rebound in 2003 was swift and violent. The global stock market rose by nearly 30% for the whole year.

　　Jennifer mckeown of the London Consulting Group also believes that the global economic growth in the second quarter of 2003 dropped by a full percentage point due to the epidemic of SARS. However, it quickly made up for the fundamentals of the economy, and it is difficult to list any lasting damage caused by SARS to global economic activities and global GDP.

　　China’s initiative has also eased the world’s worries. CNBC, an American financial website, said that after China took stricter measures and set up a high-level leading group, investors’ panic seemed to be ebbing. Bank of America, an investment bank, said that in the new crisis, China has been more proactive in updating the situation. To some extent, China’s response eased the concern that the epidemic might have a serious global impact.

　　The world has confidence in China. As Singaporean Foreign Minister Wei Wen said, compared with the fight against SARS in 2003, China’s technology, experience and ability to meet such challenges have been significantly improved. New Zealand is full of confidence that China will finally defeat the novel coronavirus epidemic.

　　Dr Jeremy Faller, chairman of Wellcome Foundation and an infectious disease expert, said: "China is setting a new benchmark for the response to the epidemic, and we should thank China." (Reporter Zhang Hong)